{"id":1563,"date":"2017-07-12T09:53:15","date_gmt":"2017-07-12T09:53:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.org.my\/?page_id=1563"},"modified":"2017-07-14T06:08:02","modified_gmt":"2017-07-14T06:08:02","slug":"%e3%80%8e%e4%bf%9d%e7%be%85%e6%96%b0%e8%a7%80%e3%80%8f%e7%9a%84%e6%aa%a2%e8%a8%8e%ef%bc%9a%e6%91%98%e8%a6%81","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/?page_id=1563","title":{"rendered":"\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u7684\u6aa2\u8a0e\uff1a\u6458\u8981<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NEW PERSPECTIVE ON PAUL (NPP): AN EVALUATION (Highlights)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6458\u81ea\uff1a\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6b63\u7d71\u9577\u8001\u6703 (OPC, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opc.org\">www.opc.org<\/a>) \u7b2c73\u6b21\u7e3d\u6703\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\uff0c\u980134-55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7ffb\u8bd1: \u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08<\/p>\n<p>Source: <em>Report on Justification presented to the Seventy-Third General Assembly of the\u00a0 Orthodox Presbyterian Church<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Section III: \u201cThe New Perspective on Paul,\u201d pp. 34-55.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (www.opc.org.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>I. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u767c\u5c55<\/strong><strong> The Development of NPP.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u53f2\u5766\u5ea6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Krister Stendahl.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u628a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u300e\u529f\u52de\u300f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8b80\u9032\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1 \u2026\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Luther read the anachronistic medieval question of merit back into Romans and Galatians&#8230;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u3002\u300e\u6069\u7d04\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u3002<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>E.P. Sanders: Covenantal Nomism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u4e0d\u95dc\u6ce8\u900f\u904e\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u8cfa\u5f97\u6551\u6069\uff01\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u7531\u76df\u7d04\u8a2d\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eba\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\uff08\u63c0\u9078\uff09\u9032\u5230\u7d04\u88e1\uff1b\u85c9\u9806\u670d\u548c\u8d16\u7f6a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7dad\u6301\u7d04\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Jews were NOT interested to earn salvation through obedience to the Law! \u201cOne\u2019s place in God\u2019s plan is established on the basis of the covenant&#8230;\u201d One enters into the covenant by God\u2019s grace (or election), and maintains one\u2019s place in the covenant by obedience and atonement.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>N.T. Wright: The Apostle of History<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u89e3\u91cb\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u63d1\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u5148\u63d1\u9020\u4e86\u5047\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u8b93\u4fdd\u7f85\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u201c(Interpreters) manufactured a false Paul by manufacturing a false Judaism for him to oppose.\u201d\u4e0d\u8981\u7528\u90a3\u4e9b\u8584\u5f31\u7684\uff0c\u75b2\u5026\u7684\uff0c\u904e\u6642\u7684\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u722d\u8faf\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u4fdd\u7f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Categories to understand Paul with = NOT the thin, tired, anachronistic, Lutheran categories.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u9127\u96c5\u5404<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>James Dunn<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u5883\u5f9e\u65b0\u89e3\u8b80\u4ed6\u3002Read Paul in light of historical context.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>II. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Prolegomena of NPP (Presuppositions)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u9ed8\u793a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Inspiration of Scripture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u628a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7576\u4f5c\u6b77\u53f2\u73fe\u8c61\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u9452\u522b\u5b78\uff08historical criticism\uff09\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Explore, seek to understand NT Scriptures as a historical phenomenon.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6279\u5224<\/strong>\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u662f\u5426\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u4ef6\uff1f<\/p>\n<p><strong>Critique:<\/strong> Can the NT be explored merely as a historical phenomenon?<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u8056\u9748\u9ed8\u793a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff01<\/p>\n<p>An absolutely fundamental presupposition is the inspiration of the NT by the Holy Spirit.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u8056\u9748\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e00\u5b57\u4e0d\u63d0\u3002\u907f\u514d\u6b63\u8996\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9ed8\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: Not a word about the work of the Holy Spirit. Dodges the issue of inspiration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Authority of Scripture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u8cf4\u7279\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u4fdd\u7f85\u6642\uff0c\u904e\u4efd\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08\u8a34\u8af8\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6279\u5224<\/strong>\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u50c5\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff01\u800c\u5f9e\u4e0d\u8a34\u8af8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff08\u6587\u737b\uff09\uff01<\/p>\n<p>Wright gave too much interpretive weight to 1<sup>st<\/sup> century Judaism.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE:<\/strong> Paul never appeals to Second Temple literature, but the OT exclusively.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u89e3\u91cb\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u50c5\u8a34\u8af8\u4e00\u500b\u5220\u6e1b\u904e\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When interpreting \u201cworks of the law,\u201d appealed to a truncated Pauline corpus.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>III. \u95dc\u9375\u6027\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9 = \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7942\u7d04\u88e1\u61c9\u8a31\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u7fa9 = \u8aaa\u660e\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u88e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness of God = his active faithfulness to his covenant promises.<\/p>\n<p>Believer\u2019s righteousness: to be righteous means one is in covenant with God.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u7f85<\/strong><strong>3<\/strong><strong>\uff1a<\/strong><strong>28<\/strong><strong>\u4e2d\u8b6f\uff1a<\/strong> <strong>\u300e\u9760\u9075\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u300f\uff09<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>WORKS OF THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u70ba\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u8207\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff1a\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u7684\u898f\u689d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWorks of the law\u201d refer to the Jewish boundary markers: circumcision, dietary laws, Sabbath.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification \u201cwas God\u2019s eschatological definition of who was a member of his people.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION ACCORDING TO NPP.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u8207\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u6709\u95dc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>COVENANT<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u7528\u8a5e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION IS LAW-COURT LANGUAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5fc5\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u7533\u51a4\uff08\u5e73\u53cd\uff09\uff0c\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f(in the right)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In God\u2019s law-court, his people will be vindicated before the world and shown to be \u201cright.\u201d<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u8207\u300e\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u300f\u6709\u95dc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>ESCHATOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\u6b78\u7b97 (imputed) \u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is not about the imputation of God\u2019s righteousness to the believer.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u88ab\u5e73\u53cd\uff08\u4f38\u51a4 vindication\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is the vindication of the covenant people of God before the world.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>PRESENT AND FUTURE JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u4f38\u51a4 \uff0c\u6839\u64da\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff1a\u5fe0\u8aa0\u9806\u670d\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Present justification \u2013 the vindication that the covenant people possess in the present, which is based on their faith in Jesus: faithful submission to his saving lordship.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1a\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u88ab\u5ba3\u544a\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Final justification \u2013 declaration of being \u201cin the right\u201d before the world on the day of judgment.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>V. \u6279\u5224\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5bf9\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE OF NPP ON MATTERS OF DEFINITION<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u516c\u7fa9\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7942\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness is a term that encompasses God\u2019s activity beyond the covenants with his people.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u5426\u6307\u4eba\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff1f\u65b0\u820a\u7d04\u7528\u8a5e\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8b49\u64da\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness defined as covenant membership? No lexical evidence to support the claim.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u6c0f\u516c\u958b\u61f7\u7591\u8a5e\u5178\u7de8\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u9084\u8aaa\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e0d\u6210\u70ba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u6514\u963b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright publicly questions the methodologies of lexicographers; to him, the absence of lexical support for his definition is not an obstacle.<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6587\u737b\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u7d04\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>2<sup>nd<\/sup> Temple literature doesn\u2019t support claim that \u201crighteousness\u201d = covenant membership.<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8981\u5be9\u6838\u5e7e\u6bb5\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u8cf4\u6c0f\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s argument does not withstand close scrutiny \u2026 from a few scriptural texts.<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u77e5\u66f8\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u300e\uff08\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u7b26\u5408\u67d0\u4e9b\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness defined in the prophets:\u00a0 adherence or conformity to an ethical standard.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u5be6\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness is not either God\u2019s covenant faithfulness or reciprocating covenant fidelity.<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f9e\u539f\u6587\u89e3\u7d93\u4f86\u770b\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u652f\u6301\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The NPP-influenced definition of righteousness is exegetically unsustainable.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>WORKS OF THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8072\u7a31\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6307\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u898f\u689d\uff0c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff1a\u5f9e\u539f\u6587\u89e3\u7d93\u770b\uff0c\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201cworks of the law\u201d = circumcision, food-laws, Sabbath?\u00a0 Exegetically indefensible.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba \uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u8a66\u5716\u85c9\u884c\u70ba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The works of the law: Israel sought to establish its own righteousness before God by works.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u9075\u5b88\u6469\u897f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The expression refers to deeds done in obedience to the law of Moses.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u88e1\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff1b\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u99c1\u65a5\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Legalism was present in Judaism, and was an issue Paul confronted.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u4e0d\u96e3\u770b\u898b\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Second Temple materials easily demonstrate the presence of legalism.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u5217\u570b\u9762\u524d\u4f38\u51a4\uff1a\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u65b0\u7d04\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u5426\u9019\u6a23\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Israel\u2019s vindication before Gentiles.\u00a0 Did Jesus, Paul, NT authors understand justification this way?<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u90a3\u9ebd\u5283\u4e00\uff1f\u5b78\u8005\u8cea\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Scholars doubt the uniform picture of the first-century Jewish worldview as Wright describes it.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u2014\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u4ecd\u5728\u653e\u9010\u4e2d\uff0c\u8036\u7a4c\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u653e\u9010 \u2013 \u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u8003\u9a57\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Can his thesis \u2013 Israel still in exile; Jesus brings exile to an end \u2013 withstand scrutiny?<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u8cea\u7591\uff1a\u7a31\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u5c6c\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Is justification the eschatological definition of who belongs to the covenant people?<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u8981\u5f9e\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u6240\u8a34\u8af8\u7684\u7d93\u6587\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u7275\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One has to force Wright\u2019s understanding of justification upon the standard passages of Scripture<\/p>\n<p>to which one might appeal to define justification.<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\uff1a\u4fe1\u5fc3\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u7d04\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul does not attribute to faith the role of a sign of covenant membership.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c6c\u65bc\u65b0\u7d04\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d17\u79ae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The new covenant boundary marker is not faith, but baptism.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>VI. \u6279\u5224\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5c0d\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE OF NPP\u2019S UNDERSTANDING OF PAUL\u2019S DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u76df\u7d04<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>COVENANT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u600e\u80fd\u8f15\u7387\u5730\u6383\u9664\u8056\u7d04\u795e\u5b78\uff1f\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\u5c0d\u9019\u984c\u76ee\u7121\u77e5\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u8b80\u904e\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u600e\u80fd\u4e0d\u7406\u776c\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>How can Wright easily sweep away classic Reformed covenant theology when he has admitted his own ignorance on the subject?\u00a0 How can one categorically dismiss what he has not read?<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5426\u597d\u50cf\u8cf4\u7279\u90a3\u6a23\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u548c\u7d04\u9023\u63a5\u8d77\u4f86\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Did Paul couch the doctrine of justification covenantally as Wright argues?<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f9e\u6700\u5ee3\u95ca\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u6ce8\u8996\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u5168\u4eba\u985e\uff1a\u300e\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\u300f\u8207\u300e\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u7d04\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Most comprehensively Paul gazes upon the covenant historical realities of God\u2019s dealings with<\/p>\n<p>mankind, not just Israel: the covenants of works and grace.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u660e\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u8f49\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a34\u8af8\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3002\u300f\uff08\u6885\u6b3d\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt is significant that when, after the conversion Paul seeks testimonies to the universal sinfulness of man, he looks not to contemporary Judaism, but to the Old Testament.\u201d \u00a0(Machen)<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u5b8c\u5168\u53ea\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u8655\u5f15\u7528\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002\u300f(Ellis)<\/p>\n<p>Paul cites the OT exclusively and nowhere cites the literature of first century Judaism. (Ellis)<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u591a\u6b21\u8a34\u8af8\u5148\u524d\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e9e\u7576\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u8996\u6575\u4eba\u662f\u6492\u4f46\uff0c\u7f6a\uff0c\u548c\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul appeals to the first and second Adams \u2026 the enemies are Satan, sin, and death.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u6cd5\u5ead\u7528\u8a5e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>LAW COURT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u300e\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6cd5\u5b98\uff1b\u4f5c\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\u5fc5\u81f3\u7d42\u88ab\u5be9\u5224\uff0c\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u5fc5\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u70ba\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u300f\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u795e\u5b78\u8a5e\u5178\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Wright:\u00a0 in first century Judaism \u201cGod himself was the judge; evildoers would finally be judged and punished; God\u2019s faithful people (i.e., Israel, or at least the true Israelites) would be vindicated.\u201d (Wright,\u00a0 \u201cJustification,\u201d in <em>New Dictionary of Theology<\/em>, 359.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5426\u8a8d\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u3002Wright rejects the the imputation of righteousness in justification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6279\u5224\uff1a<\/strong>\u6211\u5011\u8cea\u7591\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u4f38\u51a4\u3002\u65b0\u7d04\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u53f0\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002\u4eba\u82e5\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u5247\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4ecd\u5728\u88ab\u64c4\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u8cea\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE: <\/strong>We seriously question that justification is vindication of the people of God before the world. The NT\u2019s concern is justification before God.\u00a0 One who is justified has peace with God. Specious claims that first century Judaism considered itself in exile \u2026 lack sufficient evidence.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5426\u8a8d\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u8cea\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s rejection of imputation: \u2026 one should question this assertion.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f49\u79fb\u7d66\u522b\u4eba\uff1f\u4fdd\u7f85\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u300e\u53d7\u6d2a\u6069\u53c8\u8499\u6240\u8cdc\u4e4b\u7fa9\u300f\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\uff1a\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u8f49\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: righteousness is something that cannot be transferred.<\/p>\n<p>Paul: those justified \u201creceive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness\u201d!<\/p>\n<p>Paul: righteousness is something that can be passed across the courtroom!<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u70ba\u4ed6\u5426\u8a8d\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u7d93\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff1a\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s exegetical support for his rejection of imputation is less than convincing.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u6cd5\u5b98\u5178\u578b\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u64da\u6b64\u7406\u6211\u5011\u8c48\u4e0d\u9808\u62d2\u7d55\u8d16\u7f6a\u662f\u4ee3\u53d7\u5211\u7f70\uff1f\u54ea\u88e1\u6703\u6709\u6cd5\u5b98\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u5152\u5b50\u9001\u53bb\u70ba\u88ab\u544a\u9818\u6b7b\uff1f\u8cf4\u7279\u6ce8\u91cd\u6cd5\u5ead\u6a21\u5f0f\u904e\u65bc\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Imputation is uncharacteristic of the judge in the court.\u00a0 Should we deny that the atonement is penal-substitutionary, because what judge sends his son to die in the place of the defendant?<\/p>\n<p>\u54ea\u88e1\u6703\u6709\u6cd5\u5b98\u300e\u81ea\u5df1\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7a31\u90a3\u4e9b\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4eba\u70ba\u7fa9\uff1f\u9019\u500b\u5be9\u5224\u53f0\u8207\u5b87\u5b99\u4efb<\/p>\n<p>\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u5ead\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u5728\u9019\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8056\u7236\u5dee\u7942\u7684\u611b\u5b50\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u516c\u7fa9\u5be9\u5224\u800c\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u53d7\u6b7b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In what law court is the judge both \u201cjust and justifier\u201d as it concerns sinners who place their faith in Christ?\u00a0 (God\u2019s) tribunal is unlike any other law court in the cosmos \u2013 it is where the Father sends his Son to die in the place of the one who rightly stands condemned.\u00a0 Wright commits a fundamental error in reversing the roles of archetypal and ectypal theology.<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5929\u4e0a\u771f\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u526f\u672c\u3002\u526f\u672c\u662f\u6284\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u985e\u6bd4(analogy)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>All earthly courts are analogous to the one true heavenly court.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>ESCHATOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u300e\u8ab0\u5c6c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300f\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Eschatology is not simply about defining who belongs to the people of God, or the church.<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u8d16\u7f6a\u5927\u5de5\u7684\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6559\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There is no church apart from the application of Christ\u2019s saving work.<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u4e43\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u4ee3 (the eschatological age) \u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u8207\u5143\u9996\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Christ is the fountain head of the eschatological age.<\/p>\n<p>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u8207\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u9023\u63a5\u9ede\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff0c\u4eba\u985e\u4e00\u5207\u6551\u8d16\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u806f\u5408\u3002\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u300e\u6d3b\u5728\u65b0\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u4ee3\u88e1 \u300f\uff1b \u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u662f\u7531\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6240\u5c55\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The connection between eschatology and justification is the resurrection of Christ. All soteric<\/p>\n<p>experience derives from solidarity in Christ\u2019s resurrection and involves existence in the new creation age, inaugurated by his resurrection.<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u82e5\u4ecd\u662f\u6b7b\u7684\uff0c\u6492\u4f46\u548c\u7f6a\u5c31\u5f97\u52dd\u4e86\uff0c\u300e\u820a\u7684\u4e16\u4ee3\u300f (the old aeon) \u7684\u6b0a\u52e2\u4ecd\u6c92\u6709\u7c89\u788e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>If Christ remains dead, Satan and sin are triumphant; the dominion of the old aeon remains.<\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u5b9a\u7fa9\u8ab0\u662f\u5c6c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u3002\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e43\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u4ecb\u5165 \uff0c\u662f\u4f86\u4e16\u6b0a\u80fd\u7684\u6f86\u704c\uff0c\u5373\u8056\u9748\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6f86\u704c\uff0c\u9019\u90fd\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6642\u5f70\u986f\u4e86\uff0c\u5e36\u4f86\u5411\u7f6a\u548c\u6b7b\u7684\u52dd\u5229\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is eschatological, but it is the in-breaking of the eschatological age, the out-pouring of the power of the age to come, the Holy Spirit, manifest in the resurrection of Christ, bringing about victory over sin and death, ensuring the justification of the people of God.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u73fe\u4eca\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>PRESENT AND FUTURE JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u8207\u6606\u862d\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5c0d\u300a\u54c8\u5df4\u8c37\u66f8\u300b2\uff1a4\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6bd4\u8f03\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u96e2\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6bd4\u8f03\u9060\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s view has more in common with the Qumran community on Hab 2:4 than Paul.<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u5169\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002\u6c92\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u660e\u986f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The absence of a second justification is evident.<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u4e43\u662f\u6839\u64da\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There is one justification and it is grounded upon the finished work of Christ.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6bd4\u8f03\u50cf\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Regarding future justification, Wright\u2019s view has more in common with the Roman Catholic view.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>VII. \u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0b\u5217\u4e03\u9ede\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u548c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6e96\u5247\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>The following points are out of accord with Scripture and our doctrinal standards:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u76f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u201cRighteousness\u201d defined as covenant membership rather than moral equity.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8eab\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u201cWorks of the law\u201d for justification = boundary markers identifying Israel as God\u2019s people.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u300e\u88ab\u4f38\u51a4\u300f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Justification only as vindication.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u7684\uff08\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\uff09\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u8207\u4eba\uff08\u73fe\u4eca\uff09\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>A second or future justification that has a different ground from one\u2019s justification by faith.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u8cfa\u79fb\u5230\u8056\u9748\u6240\u4f5c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Shifting the ground of justification from work of Christ to Spirit-produced works of the believer.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u5426\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u57fa\u7763\u4e3b\u52d5\u7684\u9806\u670d\u548c\u88ab\u52d5\u7684\u9806\u670d\u8cfa\u4f86\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u6b78\u7b97\u7d66\u4fe1\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Denial of the imputation of the active and \/ or passive obedience of Christ.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\u904e\u5206\u8a34\u8af8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u59a5\u5354\u4e86\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8b49\u5be6\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Compromising the self-authenticating and self-interpreting nature of the Scriptures, by giving the literature of Second Temple Judaism undue interpretive weight.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u5c0d\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u7684\u6aa2\u8a0e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>NEW PERSPECTIVE ON PAUL (NPP): AN EVALUATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6458\u81ea\uff1a\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6b63\u7d71\u9577\u8001\u6703 (OPC, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.opc.org\">www.opc.org<\/a>) \u7b2c73\u6b21\u7e3d\u6703\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\uff0c\u980134-55\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Source: <em>Report on Justification presented to the Seventy-Third General Assembly of the\u00a0 Orthodox Presbyterian Church<\/em>. Committee on Christian Education, Orthodox Presbyterian Church.\u00a0 Box P, Willow Grove, PA 19090, USA.\u00a0 Section III: \u201cThe New Perspective on Paul,\u201d pp. 34-55.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (www.opc.org.)<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>I. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u767c\u5c55<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>The Development of NPP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f5c\u70ba\u4e00\u500b\u5b78\u8853\u904b\u52d5\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5305\u542b\u4e86\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5283\u4e00\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NPP = contains a spectrum (variety) of viewpoints.\u00a0 NPP is not a unified, homogenous movement.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u9818\u8896\uff1aKey leaders: \u00a0Krister Stendahl, E.P. Sanders, N.T. Wright, James D.G. Dunn.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u53f2\u5766\u5ea6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Krister Stendahl<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u300e\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5185\u7701\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The introspective conscience of the West.<\/p>\n<p>1961\u5e74\u5c0d\u7f8e\u56fd\u570b\u5fc3\u7406\u5b78\u6703\u7684\u6f14\u8b1b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Lecture to American Psychological Association, 1961.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85\u548c\u897f\u65b9\u6587\u5316\u7684\u826f\u5fc3\u5185\u7701\u300f\u3002\u300a\u54c8\u4f5b\u795e\u5b78\u671f\u520a\u300b\uff0c1963.<\/p>\n<p>Krister Stendal, \u201cThe Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West,\u201d Harvard Theological Review 56 (1963), 199-215.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7d00\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5e78\u6df1\u53d7\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p>20<sup>th<\/sup> century interpretation of Paul = unduly influenced by legacy of Martin Luther (1483-1546).<\/p>\n<p>\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u656c\u8654\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u548c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u6df1\u6df1\u5f71\u97ff\uff08\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\uff09\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u5c0d\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8207\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u8207\u798f\u97f3\uff0c\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u8207\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u7b49\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul\u2019s statements on: faith and works; law and Gospel; Jews and Gentiles, were read in the worldview\/framework of medieval piety.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u898f\u5b9a\uff08\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u7b49\uff09\u88ab\u770b\u70ba\u662f\u4e00\u822c\u6027\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Law, Torah incl. specific requirements on circumcision, food restrictions becomes a general principle of legalism in religion.<\/p>\n<p>\u53f2\u5766\u5ea6\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u65b0\u7d04\u5b78\u8005\u5f9e\u500b\u4eba\u8207\u7f6a\u7684\u6399\u624e\u4f86\u770b\u4fdd\u7f85\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u8def\u5fb7\u572816\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Stendahl\u2019s critique: NT scholars read Paul in terms of the individual\u2019s struggle with sin (as Luther supposedly read Paul in the 16<sup>th<\/sup> century).<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u628a\u9019\u4e9b\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u300e\u529f\u52de\u300f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8b80\u9032\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u8655\u5883\u4f86\u8b80\u4ed6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Luther read the anachronistic medieval question of merit back into Romans and Galatians, rather than read Paul in his first century context.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u3002\u300e\u6069\u7d04\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>E.P. Sanders: Covenantal Nomism<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff08\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Studies on Judaism (Second Temple Jewish literature).<\/p>\n<p>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff0c\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8207\u5e15\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u7336\u592a\u6559\u300b\u30021977\u3002<\/p>\n<p>E.P. Sanders, <em>Paul and Palestinian Judaism<\/em> (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).<\/p>\n<p>\u6253\u7834\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u7336\u592a\u6559\u662f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff0c\u9760\u884c\u70ba\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Destroys general Christian view that: Judaism is a religion of legalism\/works righteousness.<\/p>\n<p>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff1a\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u4e26\u4e0d\u95dc\u6ce8\u5982\u4f55\u900f\u904e\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u800c\u8cfa\u5f97\u6551\u6069\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u662f\u7531\u76df\u7d04\u8a2d\u7acb\u7684\u3002\u76df\u7d04\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u662f\uff1a\u4eba\u8981\u9075\u884c<\/p>\n<p>\u8aa1\u547d\uff0c\u4f5c\u70ba\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u6b63\u78ba\u56de\u61c9\uff1b\u540c\u6642\uff0c\u76df\u7d04\u63d0\u4f9b\u5c0d\u72af\u7f6a\u7684\u8d16\u7f6a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u980175\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Sanders: Jews were NOT interested to earn salvation through obedience to the Law!<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe view that one\u2019s place in God\u2019s plan is established on the basis of the covenant and that the covenant requires as the proper response of man his obedience to its commandments, while providing means of atonement for transgression.\u201d (p. 75)<\/p>\n<p>\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u672c\u8cea\uff0c\u548c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u5728\u7336\u592a\u6559\u88e1\u7684\u529f\u80fd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Nature of Law and function of Law within Judaism:<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63c0\u9078\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<p>God has chosen Israel.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u7942\u7d66\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u9019\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>He has given Israel the law, which implies:<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u4e0a\u5e1d\u61c9\u8a31\uff1a\u7942\u5fc5\u5805\u6301\u7942\u7684\u63c0\u9078\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>God\u2019s promise to maintain the election and<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u4e5f\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8981\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The requirements to obey.<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8cde\u8cdc\u9806\u670d\u7684\uff0c\u61f2\u7f70\u5e72\u72af\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>God rewards obedience, punishes transgression.<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u63d0\u4f9b\u8d16\u7f6a\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u662f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>The Law provides for means of atonement, which results in<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u76df\u7d04\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u88ab\u7ef4\u6301\uff08\u6216\u88ab\u6062\u5fa9\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Maintenance or re-establishment of the covenant relationship.<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u6240\u6709\u900f\u904e\u9075\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u8d16\u7f6a\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u548c\u88ab\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6190\u61ab\u800c\u7dad\u6301\u5728\u7d04\u88e1\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u90a3\u4e9b\u5c07\u4f86\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u4eba\u3002\uff08\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff0c\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8207\u5e15\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u7336\u592a\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u9801422\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>All those who are maintained in the covenant by obedience, atonement, and God\u2019s mercy belong to the group that will be saved. (Sanders, <em>Paul and Palestinian Judaism<\/em>, p. 422.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff1a\u4eba\u9760\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\uff08\u63c0\u9078\uff09\u9032\u5230\u7d04\u88e1\uff1b\u85c9\u9806\u670d\u548c\u8d16\u7f6a\u65b9\u6cd5\u7dad\u6301\u5728\u7d04\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Sanders\u2019 view: One enters into the covenant by God\u2019s grace (or election), and maintains one\u2019s place in the covenant by obedience and making use of the means of atonement.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\u4fdd\u7f85<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>N.T. Wright: The Apostle of History<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300e\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u548c\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e2d\u7684\u4f7f\u5f92\u300f\u30021978\u3002<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright, \u201cThe Paul of History and the Apostle of Faith,\u201d <em>Tyndale Bulletin<\/em> 29 (1978).<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u5c0d\u4e00\u500b\u8def\u5fb7\u5316\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Objections to a Lutheran-ized Paul.<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u7684\u4eba\u58eb\uff0c\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u62bd\u96e2\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Lutherans have divorced doctrine of justification from history.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u89e3\u91cb\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u63d1\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u865a\u5047\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\uff1a\u4ed6\u5011\u5148\u63d1\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u865a\u5047\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u8b93\u4fdd\u7f85\u53bb\u53cd\u5c0d\u5b83\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2026the tradition of Pauline interpretation has manufactured a false Paul by manufacturing a false Judaism for him to oppose.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u5728\u53cd\u5c0d\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u6642\uff0c\u63d1\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u5047\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Luther first manufactured a false portrait of the Jews in the 16<sup>th<\/sup> cent. in his battle against Rome.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u6539\u9769\u548c\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u88ab\u8b80\u9032\u53bb\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u88e1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u6709\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u60f3\u50cf\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u5b83\u6bd4\u8f03\u80fd\u8b93\u6211\u5011\u8a8d\u8b58\u90a3\u4e9b\u63d1\u9020\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Because Reformation\/modern ideas were projected into Paul\u2019s world, we have a \u201cPaul\u201d of the imagination, who reveals more about his inventors (Luther, et al) than the Paul of history.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u8a72\u7528\u54ea\u4e9b\u7bc4\u7587\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u4fdd\u7f85\uff1f\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u8584\u5f31\u7684\uff0c\u75b2\u5026\u7684\uff0c\u904e\u6642\u7684\uff0c\u8def\u5fb7\u5b97\u722d\u8faf\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u8981\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Categories with which we should understand Paul<\/p>\n<p>= NOT the thin, tired, anachronistic categories of Lutheran polemic,<\/p>\n<p>= categories given to us by the Paul of history himself.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u9127\u96c5\u5404<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>James Dunn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u63d0\u51fa\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u3002Coined the term \u201cNew Perspective on Paul.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\uff0c1983\u3002\u300a\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u8207\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1a\u99ac\u53ef\u798f\u97f3\u548c\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff0c1990\u3002<\/p>\n<p>James D.G. Dunn, \u201cThe New Perspective on Paul,\u201d <em>Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library<\/em> 65 (1983), 95-122; <em>Jesus, Paul, and the Law: Studies in Mark and Galatians<\/em> (Louisville, KY:<\/p>\n<p>Westminster John Knox, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u90fd\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u8207\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u9b25\u722d\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul has been read in terms of Luther\u2019s battle with Roman Catholicism.<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u5728\u6709\u4e86\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u89e3\u7d93\u8005\u5c31\u80fd\u300e\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u8655\u5883\u53bb\u770b\u4ed6\uff0c\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u53bb\u8046\u807d\u7942\uff0c\u8b93\u4fdd\u7f85\u4f5c\u4fdd\u7f85\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>In light of Sanders\u2019 work on Second Temple Judaism, interpreters finally could \u201csee Paul properly within his own context, to hear Paul in terms of his own time, to let Paul be himself.\u201d (\u201cNew Perspective.\u201d)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u62d2\u7d55\u6b63\u7d71\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u56e0\u4ed6\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\u9019\u89e3\u91cb\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NPP rejects orthodox Protestant interpretation of Paul, because that interpretation is than supposedly based on Luther\u2019s.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u8981\u5f9e\u8def\u5fb7\u7684\u6709\u8272\u773c\u93e1\u53bb\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\uff1b\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u5883\u5f9e\u65b0\u89e3\u8b80\u4ed6\uff1a\u5c31\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rather than read Paul through the lens of Luther, we must instead re-read Paul in light of his historical context \u2013 the literature of Second Temple Judaism.<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u6a23\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u80fd\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u66f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u66f8\u4fe1\u88e1\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We then will obtain a better understanding of Paul\u2019s epistles and \u2026 a better understanding of the doctrines contained there, esp. the doctrine of justification.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>II. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u524d\u63d0\uff1a\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Prolegomena of NPP (Presuppositions)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u9ed8\u793a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Inspiration of Scripture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u6b32\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u5883\u53bb\u89e3\u8b80\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff1a\u5373\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u7336\u592a\u6559\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u5f9e\u62c9\u6bd4\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u6b21\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u7d04\u745f\u592b\uff0c\u548c\u6606\u862d\u6587\u737b\u4f86\u89e3\u8b80\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NPP\u2019ers desire to explore NT within its first century historical context: Second Temple Judaism literature, rabbinic sources, the Apocrypha, Josephus, and Qumran.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u5f9e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u6f14\u54e1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u4f86\u770b\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u624d\u80fd\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u5011\uff0c\u624d\u80fd\u5b8c\u6574\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u9019\u6232\u5287\u3002\u300f\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300b\uff0c1992\u3002\u9801118\u3002<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright: \u201cWe are therefore studying human history, in the recognition that the actors in the drama, and hence in a sense the drama itself, can only fully be understood when we learn to see the world through their eyes.\u201d (N.T. Wright, <em>New Testament and the People of God<\/em>, Minneapolis: Fortress, 1992, 118.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u82e5\u8996\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u70ba\u6b77\u53f2\uff0c\u5247\u9808\u63a2\u8a0e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e92\u76f8\u7af6\u722d\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u611b\u8cfd\u5c3c\u6d3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u4e00\u500b\u79d8\u5bc6\u7684\u65b0\u7684\u5b5f\u7d04\u4e2d\u6709\u4efd\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u7d04\u745f\u592b\uff0c\u4ed6\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u7d93\u7ad9\u5728\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u4e00\u908a\u4e86\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u4ed6\u8b1b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u8461\u8404\u5712\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u8b1b\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u570b\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u9019\u570b\u85c9\u7740\u8036\u7a4c\u5df2\u7d93\u5c55\u958b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300b\uff0c\u980141\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>If we are dealing with the Scriptures as history, then one can begin to understand the NT by entering the world of the first century by exploring the \u2026 competing worldviews of the time:<\/p>\n<p>Those of the Essenes, who believed they were participating in a secret new covenant;<\/p>\n<p>Of Josephus, who believed that Israel\u2019s God was going over to the Romans;<\/p>\n<p>Of Jesus, who told a story about a vineyard;<\/p>\n<p>And of the early Christians, who told the story of the kingdom of God and its inauguration through Jesus.\u00a0 (<em>NT and People of God<\/em>, p. 41.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u628a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7576\u4f5c\u6b77\u53f2\u73fe\u8c61\u4f86\u63a2\u8a0e\u3002\u7528\u6b77\u53f2\u9452\u522b\u5b78 (Historical criticism) \u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8b6f\u8005\u6ce8\uff1a\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u9452\u522b\u5b78\u4e0d\u80fd\u8b49\u5be6\u7684\uff08\u7c21\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u6027\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u904e\u8003\u9a57\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u63a5\u53d7\u662f\u6b77\u53f2\u4e8b\u5be6\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Explore, seek to understand NT Scriptures as a historical phenomenon.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u900f\u904e\u9019\u500b\u65b9\u6cd5\u4f86\u8b49\u5be6\u771f\u7406\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u8a02\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u5047\u8a2d\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u5617\u8a66\u53bb\u8b49\u5be6\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u662f\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\uff0c\u4e00\u7a2e\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u6240\u6709\u771f\u7684\u77e5\u8b58\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u662f\u900f\u904e\u77e5\u8b58\u8ad6\u7684\u87ba\u65cb\uff08the spiral of epistemology\uff09\u800c\u7372\u5f97\u7684\uff1a\u4eba\u985e\u8b1b\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u7fa4\u9ad4\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u8a62\u554f\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u4f5c\u51fa\u4e00\u4e9b\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u5224\u65b7\uff1a\u54ea\u4e9b\u6545\u4e8b\u6bd4\u8f03\u6210\u529f\u5730\u56de\u7b54\u8a62\u554f\uff1f\u7136\u5f8c\u518d\u8207\u8cc7\u6599\uff08\u53f2\u6599\uff09\u4e92\u52d5\uff0c\u4ee5\u8003\u9a57\u9019\u4e9b\u66ab\u5b9a\u5224\u65b7\u3002\u300f\uff08\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300b\uff0c\u9801109\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>One can verify the truth and validity of the NT through hypothesis-verification method:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHistory, then, is real knowledge, of a particular sort.\u00a0 It is arrived at, like all knowledge, by the spiral of epistemology, in which the story-telling human community launches enquires, forms provisional judgments about which stories are likely to be successful in answering those enquires, and then tests these judgments by further interaction with data.\u201d (<em>NT and the People of God,<\/em> p. 109.)<\/p>\n<p>OPC\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u662f\u5426\u50c5\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u6b77\u53f2\u6587\u4ef6\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Critique (OPC): Can the NT be explored merely as a historical phenomenon?<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u5426\u50c5\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u773e\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u800c\u5df2\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Is NT merely one document among the many writings of the first century?<\/p>\n<p>OPC\u5206\u6790\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u7e3d\u6bd4\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff0c\u9b91\u723e\u548c\u65bd\u7279\u52de\u65af\u7684\u5c0d\u8d85\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u504f\u898b\u597d\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright is better than Rudolf Bultmann (de-mythologization), F.C. Baur and D.F. Strauss<\/p>\n<p>(bias against the supernatural).<\/p>\n<p>OPC\u56de\u61c9\uff1a\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6b63\u8996\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u6027\u8207\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u7d55\u5c0d\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u524d\u63d0\u662f\uff1a\u5fc5\u9808\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u8056\u9748\u9ed8\u793a\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\uff08Herman Ridderbos, \u300a\u6551\u8d16\u6b77\u53f2\u8207\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c1988\uff0c\u980143\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>OPC RESPONSE:\u00a0 It is essential that any investigator take seriously the historicity and historical context of the NT.\u00a0 But: An absolutely fundamental presupposition is: accounting for the inspiration of the NT Scriptures by the Holy Spirit. (Herman Ridderbos, <em>Redemptive History and the New Testament Scriptures<\/em>, Phillipsburg, NJ: P&amp;R, 1988, 43.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300b\uff1a\u5c0d\u8056\u9748\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff1b\u8056\u9748\u9ed8\u793a\uff0c\u548c\u8056\u9748\u9664\u53bb\u56e0\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\u800c\u5c0d\u89e3\u91cb\u7684\u6548\u679c\uff08\u626d\u66f2\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u5b57\u4e0d\u63d0\u3002\uff08\u6797\u524d2\uff1a14-16\uff1b\u6797\u5f8c2\uff1a12-17\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright, <em>New Testament and People of God<\/em>: Not a word about the work of the Holy Spirit.<\/p>\n<p>Nothing about the inspiration of the NT, nothing about the Holy Spirit\u2019s work in removing the noetic effects of sin to enable the interpreter to comprehend the Scriptures.\u00a0 (I Cor. 2:14-16; II Cor. 2:12-17.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u907f\u514d\u6b63\u8996\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u9ed8\u793a\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u9ed8\u793a\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7c21\u7a31\uff0c\u7528\u4f86\u6307\u4e00\u7a2e\u4fe1\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u85c9\u7740\u4ed6\u7684\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u548c\u7de8\u8005\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f4\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u7de8\u5beb\u51fa\u4f86\u7684\u66f8\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u610f\u65e8\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u7684\u3002\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u672c\u66f8\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u61c9\u8a72\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u7d93\u5377\u88e1\uff0c\u548c\u65e9\u671f\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u7684\u4fe1\u5ff5\u4e2d\uff0c\u5047\u8a2d\u4e86\u67d0\u4e00\u7a2e\u7684\u9ed8\u793a\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u8a71\uff1a\u8d85\u8d8a\u8056\u7d93\u4e4b\u722d\uff0c\u9081\u5411\u5c0d\u8056\u7d93\u6b0a\u5a01\u7684\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u300b\uff0c2005\uff0c\u980137\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Wright dodges the issue of inspiration:<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u2019Inspiration\u2019 is a shorthand way of talking about the belief that by his Spirit God guided the very different writers and editors, so that the books they produced were the books God intended his people to have.\u00a0 This is not the subject of the present work, but we should note that some kind of divine inspiration was taken for granted in most of the ancient Israelite scriptures themselves, as well as in the beliefs of the early Christians.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(N.T. Wright, <em>The Last Word: Beyond the Bible Wars to a New Understanding of the Authority of Scripture,<\/em> NY: Harper San Francisco, 2005, 37.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6279\u5224CRITIQUE\uff1a\u8056\u9748\u5728\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u626e\u6f14\u4efb\u4f55\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wrights\u2019 investigation of NT is \u201cSpirit-less.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01<\/strong> <strong>Authority of Scripture<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u5169\u500b\u932f\u8aa4\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Wright committed two errors:<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u4fdd\u7f85\u6642\uff0c\u904e\u4efd\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08\u8a34\u8af8\uff09\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6b0a\u5a01\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u50c5\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff01\u800c\u5f9e\u4e0d\u8a34\u8af8\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff08\u6587\u737b\uff09\uff01<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6885\u6b3d\uff0c\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c1925\uff0c\u9801180\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Gave too much interpretive weight to 1st century Judaism.<\/p>\n<p>CRITIQUE: The apostle Paul arguably never appeals to the literature of Second Temple Judaism but the OT exclusively.\u00a0 (J. Gresham Machen, The Origins of Paul\u2019s Religion, 1925 (Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock, 2002), p. 180.)<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u89e3\u91cb\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u50c5\u8a34\u8af8\u4e00\u500b\u5220\u6e1b\u904e\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53ea\u8a34\u8af8\u90a3\u4e9b\u6c92\u6709\uff08\u5b78\u8005\uff09\u722d\u8b70\u7684\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u524d\u300b\u66f8\uff0c\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u300a\u8153\u7acb\u6bd4\u66f8\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>When interpreting \u201cworks of the law,\u201d appealed to a truncated Pauline corpus: only the \u201cundisputed\u201d epistles of Paul (Romans, I Cor., II Cor., Gal., Phil.).<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u96c5\u5404\u89e3\u91cb\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u4e0d\u7528\u300a\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u66f8\u300b\u548c\u6559\u7267\u66f8\u4fe1\uff08\u9127\u8a8d\u70ba\u662f\u5f8c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>James Dunn bases his interpretation of the \u201cworks of the law\u201d upon the letters of Paul other than Ephesians and the Pastoral Epistles.<\/p>\n<p>OPC\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u300a\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u66f8\u300b\u548c\u6559\u7267\u66f8\u4fe1\u88e1\u6709\u4e9b\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\uff0c\u8207\u5f8b\u6cd5\u8207\u7a31\u7fa9\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u7d93\u6587\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5f172:8-9\uff1b\u63d0\u5f8c1:9\uff1b\u591a3:5\uff01<\/p>\n<p>CRITIQUE: Important passages on the law and justification: Eph. 2:8-9; II Tim. 1:9; Titus 3:5!<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5b78\u8005\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u548c\u6211\u5011\u6b63\u7d71\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u4fe1\u5f92\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300f\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u5169\u78bc\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen one associated with the NPP states, \u2018Paul writes,\u2019 it does not necessarily mean the same thing as when the historic Reformed tradition makes the same statement.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f88\u591a\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u548c\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u6709\u95dc\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u53ea\u8a34\u8af8\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5c31\u5f71\u97ff\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4e86\uff01<\/p>\n<p>Often one associated with the NPP appeals only to some of Paul\u2019s writings, which affects the resulting portrait of Paul\u2019s doctrine of justification!<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>III. \u95dc\u9375\u6027\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u4e0a\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u5728\u6b64\uff08\u798f\u97f3\u88e1\uff09\u986f\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Romans 1:17a: \u201cFor in it the righteousness of God is revealed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u7763\u65b0\u6559\uff08\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u52a0\u723e\u6587\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a\u9019\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6240\u6b78\u7b97\u7684\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Historically, Luther, Calvin: Righteousness = imputed righteousness.<\/p>\n<p>Kaesemann\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6551\u8d16\u7684\u5927\u80fd\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7942\u6240\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Ernst Kaesemann: Righteousness of God = God\u2019s saving power, God\u2019s active faithfulness to his creation.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u884c\u52d5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8cdc\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u6069\u5178\uff08\u79ae\u7269\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Thus: God\u2019s righteousness = God\u2019s activity, not God\u2019s gift to believer.<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5b78\u8005\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9 = \u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7942\u7d04\u88e1\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b88\u7d04\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f81-8\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c1988\u3002\u980140-41\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>NPP argues: Righteousness of God denotes his active faithfulness to his covenant promises.<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness is God\u2019s covenant faithfulness.\u00a0 \u00a0(James D.G. Dunn, <em>Romans 1-8<\/em>, Word Biblical Commentary, Vol. 38a, Dallas: Word, 1988, pp. 40-41.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0 \u2013 \u85c9\u7740\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0 \u2013 \u5c0d\u90a3\u4e9b\u4ee5\u5fe0\u8aa0\u56de\u61c9\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u751f\u6548\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u8056\u4fdd\u7f85\u7a76\u7adf\u8aaa\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebd\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u9801109\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright: \u201cThe gospel, [Paul] says, reveals or unveils God\u2019s own righteousness, his covenant faithfulness, which operates through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ for the benefit of all those who in turn are faithful.\u201d (Wright, <em>St. Paul<\/em>, 109.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u7fa9\u662f\u6307\u4ec0\u9ebd\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>What is the believer\u2019s Righteousness?<\/p>\n<p>\u6210\u70ba\u300e\u7fa9\u4eba\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\u7684\u7d20\u8cea\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u95dc\u4fc2\u4e0a\u7684\u4e8b\u3002\u8aaa\u660e\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u88e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>To be righteous is not a moral or judicial quality as a relational one; it means that one is in covenant with God.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u770b\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\uff1a\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e\u3002\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u4e9b\u4eba\u5728\u7d04\u88e1\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u67d0\u4e9b\u4eba\u5df2\u7d93\u6d17\u8131\u7f6a\u540d\u4e86\u3002\uff08\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff0c\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8207\u5e15\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u7336\u592a\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u9801204-205\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Sanders: The term \u201crighteousness\u201d in its first century Jewish context did not denote moral perfection.\u00a0 It was a designation for those who were part of the covenant, and did not denote that a person was totally innocent of wrong-doing.\u00a0 (<em>Paul and Palestinian Judaism<\/em>, 204-05.)<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u80fd\u88ab\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63a5\u7d0d (acceptable to God)\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5df2\u88ab\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63a5\u7d0d (accepted by God)\uff1a\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8cdc\u7d66\u7942\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7dad\u6301\uff08\u4fdd\u5b88\uff09\u4ed6\u5011\u5728\u9019\u5730\u4f4d\u88e1\u3002\uff08\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f81-8\u7ae0\u300b\uff0c\u9801203\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Dunn: \u201cto be \u2018righteous\u2019 is to be not so much acceptable to God as accepted by God \u2013 righteousness as the status which God accorded to his covenant people and in which he sustained them\u201d (<em>Romans 1-8<\/em>, p. 203).<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u7b97\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u7fa9\u300f\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:3\uff09\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u770b\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c31\u7b97\u662f\u69cb\u6210\u4ed6\u662f\u7d04\u88e1\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u7684\uff08\u6a19\u8a8c\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\uff0c2002\uff0c\u9801491\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>N.T. Wright: When Paul writes, \u201cAbraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness\u201d (Rom. 4:3), \u201cIts overall meaning must then be something like: \u2018God counted Abraham\u2019s faith as constituting covenant membership.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(N.T. Wright, <em>Romans<\/em>, New Interpreter\u2019s Bible, vol. 10, Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon, 2002, p. 491. Cf. N.T. Wright, <em>The Climax of the Covenant: Christ and the Law in Pauline Theology<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0f\u7d50\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5011\u8a8d\u70ba\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b88\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\uff08\u7f851:17\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5728\u7d04\u88e1\uff08\u7f854:3\uff09\u3002\u9019\u500b\u4eba\uff08\u4fe1\u5f92\uff09\u61c9\u4ee5\u5b88\u7d04\u5fe0\u8aa0\u56de\u61c9\uff0c\u8b49\u660e\u4ed6\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Conclusion: NPP scholars\u2019 general view: Righteousness denotes God\u2019s covenant faithfulness (Rom. 1:17), or one\u2019s covenant membership demonstrated by reciprocating faithfulness (Rom. 4:3).<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>WORKS OF THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\uff08\u6ce8\uff1a\u7f85<\/strong><strong>3<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><strong>28<\/strong><strong>\u4e2d\u8b6f\uff1a\u300e\u9760\u9075\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u300f\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u8a66\u5716\u7a4d\u84c4\u529f\u52de\u4f86\u8cfa\u5f97\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\uff1a\u7528\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4f86\u5f97\u6551\u3002\uff08\u4e2d\u8b6f\uff1a\u300e\u9760\u9075\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\u300f\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u52a0\u723e\u6587\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u980169-70\uff1b\u8cc0\u6cbb\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u980181\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Reformed understanding: \u201cworks of the law\u201d = Jewish attempt to merit one\u2019s justification.<\/p>\n<p>It refers to something legalistic = using the law to obtain salvation.<\/p>\n<p>(John Calvin, <em>Romans<\/em>, 69-70; Charles Hodge, <em>Romans<\/em>, 81.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\uff1a\u7336\u592a\u6559\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u9760\u884c\u70ba\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u5b97\u6559\uff01<\/p>\n<p>E.P. Sanders: Judaism is NOT a religion of works righteousness.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u6240\u8b80\u904e\u7336\u592a\u6559\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u6587\u737b\u4e00\u6a23\uff08\u6709\u904e\u4e4b\u800c\u7121\u4e0d\u53ca\uff01\uff09\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u81ea\u7fa9\uff0c\u81ea\u6b3a\u6b3a\u4eba\uff0c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u75d5\u8ff9\uff01\u5b83\u5011\u4e00\u8cab\u5730\u5805\u6301\u76df\u7d04\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08covenantal nomism\uff09\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5178\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5429\u5490\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u5c31\u6709\u4e86\u4e00\u500b\u5065\u5168\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e0a\u7684\u7d30\u7bc0\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u5b97\u6559\u88e1\u7684\u5927\u539f\u5247\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u59d4\u8eab\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6839\u64da\u5b50\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7684\u8b19\u5351\uff0c\u56e0\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63c0\u9078\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u81f3\u7d42\u5fc5\u6551\u8d16\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3002\u9019\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u9f13\u52f5\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u3002\uff08\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8207\u5e15\u52d2\u65af\u5766\u7336\u592a\u6559\u300b\uff0c\u9801427\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe frequent Christian charge against Judaism \u2026 is not that some individual Jews misunderstood, misapplied and abused their religion, but that Judaism necessarily tends toward petty legalism, self-serving and self-deceiving casuistry, and a mixture of arrogance and a lack of confidence in God.\u00a0 But the surviving Jewish literature is as free of these characteristics as any I have ever read.\u00a0 By consistently maintaining the basic framework of covenantal nomism, the gift and demand of God were kept in a healthy relationship with each other, the minutiae of the law were observed on the basis of the large principles of religion and because of commitment to God, and humility before God who chose and would ultimately redeem Israel was encouraged.\u201d (<em>Paul and Palestinian Judaism<\/em>, 427.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5b78\u8005\uff1a\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\uff08\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u9760\u9075\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff09\u3002\u7406\u7531\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Most NPP. scholars: \u201cworks of the law\u201d do not refer to legalism. Grounds:<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u4e00\u822c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u7684\u8001\u767e\u59d3\u5df2\u7d93\u5728\u7d04\u88e1\uff0c\u4e0d\u5fc5\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u5f97\u6551\u7684\u6191\u64da\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The common Israelite was already a member of the covenant, and had no need to establish his salvation.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u8eab\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6069\u5178\u7684\u63c0\u9078\u4f5c\u524d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Membership in the covenant presupposes God\u2019s gracious election.<\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4ec0\u9ebd\u5462\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u70ba\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6a19\u8a8c\uff08national boundary markers\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u660e\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u8207\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\u7684\u898f\u689d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>What do \u201cworks of the law\u201d refer to?<\/p>\n<p>Dunn and Wright: \u201cWorks of the law\u201d refer to the Jewish and national boundary markers \u2013 which distinguish Jew from Gentile: circumcision, dietary food laws, and Sabbath observance.<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u96c5\u5404\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Dunn cites Scripture and Second Temple sources.<\/p>\n<p>\u5229Lev. 11: 1-23<\/p>\n<p>\u7533Deut. 14:3-21<\/p>\n<p>\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8I Maccabees 1:62-63<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46Dan. 1:8-16<\/p>\n<p>\u6258\u6bd4\u7279\u66f8Tobit 1:10-13<\/p>\n<p>\u6731\u8fea\u65af\u66f8Judith 10:5<\/p>\n<p>\u6731\u8fea\u65af\u66f8Judith 12:1-20<\/p>\n<p>\u5275Gen. 2:3<\/p>\n<p>\u7533Deut. 5:12-15<\/p>\n<p>\u51faExod. 20:8-11<\/p>\n<p>\u8cfdIsa. 56:6-8<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff1a\u5f9e\u8def\u5fb7\u5230\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff081884-1976\uff09\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u90fd\u662f\u932f\u7684\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u90fd\u628a\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u8207\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u597d\u884c\u70ba\u7b49\u540c\u3002\uff08\u300a\u65b0\u89c0\u300b\uff0c\u9801194\uff1b\u8af8\u8173334\u3002\u9127\u5f15\u7528\uff0c\u6279\u5224\uff1a\u5e03\u7279\u66fc\uff0c\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u795e\u5b78\u300b\uff0c\u53771\uff0c1952\uff0c\u9801554\uff1bHerman Ribberbos, \u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u795e\u5b78\u5927\u7db1\u300b\uff0c1966\uff0c\u9801139\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Dunn: Traditional Reformational exegesis, begun by Luther and repeated .. by heirs of the Reformation down to Rudolf Bultmann (1884-1976), that equates the works of the law with good works in general, is INCORRECT. (\u201cNew Perspective,\u201d p. 194, footnote 334.\u00a0 Dunn cites: Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament, vol. 1, London: 1952, 554; Herman Ridderbos, Paul: An Outline of His Theology, 1966; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977, 139.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce8\uff1a\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\uff0c\u9127\u96c5\u5404\u6539\u8b8a\u4ed6\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002\u9127\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u770b\u6cd5\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>NOTE: Dunn has recently modified his position on this point. \u2026<\/p>\n<p>There are differences between Dunn and Wright \u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u8207\u7b49\u5728\u89e3\u91cb\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u4e0a\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>But \u2026 Wright is in essential agreement with Dunn\u2019s conclusions concerning the interpretation of the \u201cworks of the law.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, Climax of the Covenant, 146-47, 161. Wright, What St. Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?, Grand Rapids, Eerdmans, 1997, 120-21.\u00a0 Wright, Romans, 461, footnote 97.\u00a0 Dunn, Romans 1-8, 153-60.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u89c0\u6bd4\u8f03\u50cf16\uff0c17\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u592a\u50cf\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u770b\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: Reformed definition of justification has more in common with 16<sup>th<\/sup> and 17<sup>th<\/sup> century dogmatics than it does with Paul\u2019s teaching seen within the historical setting in first century Palestine.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u8ad6\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5efa\u7acb\u95dc\u4fc2\u3002\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u9019\u672b\u4e16\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u3002\u7528\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u300e\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u9032\u53bb\u300f\uff08getting in\uff09\u6216\u300e\u5982\u4f55\u7559\u5728\u88e1\u9762\u300f\uff08staying in\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u300e\u4f60\u5982\u4f55\u8fa8\u522b\u8ab0\u5728\u88e1\u9762\u300f\uff08how you could tell who was in\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u662f\u8b1b\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u8b1b\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u3002\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u8056\u4fdd\u7f85\u7a76\u7adf\u8aaa\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebd\u300b\uff0c\u9801119\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Justification \u201cin the first century was not about how someone might establish a relationship with God. It was about God\u2019s eschatological definition, both future and present, of who was, in fact, a member of his people. In Sanders\u2019 terms, it was not so much about \u2018getting in,\u2019 or indeed about \u2018staying in,\u2019 as about \u2018how you could tell who was in.\u2019\u00a0 In standard Christian theological language, it wasn\u2019t so much about soteriology as about ecclesiology, not so much about salvation as about the church.\u201d\u00a0 (Wright, <em>What St. Paul Really Said<\/em>, 119.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u8b1b\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u773e\u570b\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ba\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4f38\u51a4\uff08\u5e73\u53cd\uff0c\u82f1\u6587\uff1avindication\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification in the 1<sup>st<\/sup> century = primarily about Israel\u2019s vindication before the Gentile nations.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u547c\u53ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4f5c\u7942\u7279\u522b\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u3002<\/p>\n<p>God had called Israel to be his special covenant people.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\uff0c\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u537b\u53d7\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\u7684\u58d3\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yet in the 1<sup>st<\/sup> century the Jews were under the thumb of Rome.<\/p>\n<p>\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u96d6\u4f4f\u5728\u61c9\u8a31\u4e4b\u5730\uff0c\u537b\u4ecd\u662f\u6d41\u653e\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Israel was \u201cin exile\u201d even though they were dwelling in the promised land.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ec0\u9ebd\u6642\u5019\u624d\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u4f38\u51a4\uff08\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0cvindicate\/justify\uff09\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>When and how, then, would God vindicate (justify) his covenant people?<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ec0\u9ebd\u6642\u5019\u624d\u5c0d\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6c11\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>When would he justify them before the nations, indicating that Israel was \u201cin the right\u201d?<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u4f5c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u5fc5\u9808\u6b63\u8996\u9019\u500b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8655\u5883\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When defining justification, one must keep this 1<sup>st<\/sup> century context in the forefront.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u5fc5\u7136\u5e36\u4e0a\u975e\u5e38\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8272\u5f69\uff01<\/p>\n<p>Given these NPP-influenced definitions, Paul\u2019s doctrine of justification takes on an entirely different shape from the classical Protestant view set forth in its confessions.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>IV. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u904b\u52d5\u88e1\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u300f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>THE DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION ACCORDING TO THE NPP<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>OPC \u5831\u544a\u66f8\u73fe\u5728\u96c6\u4e2d\u8a0e\u8ad6\u8cf4\u7279\u5982\u4f55\u5efa\u69cb\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>OPC Report now focuses on: NT Wright\u2019s formulations.<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u4f5c\u8005\u5011\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u4f4d\u50cf\u8cf4\u7279\u90a3\u6a23\u5728\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u5708\u5b50\u88e1\u5e36\u4f86\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002<\/p>\n<p>No NPP author is as widely influential in the Reformed community as Wright is.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u8a0e\u8ad6\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u6307\u51fa\u4e09\u500b\u7bc4\u7587\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>When Wright expounds Paul\u2019s doctrine of justification, he identifies 3 categories:<\/p>\n<p>\u76df\u7d04Covenant,<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u5ead\u7528\u8a9eLaw-court, and<\/p>\n<p>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6Eschatology.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u8207\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u6709\u95dc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>COVENANT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u4e0d\u53ef\u5f9e\u5341\u516d\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u8056\u7d04\u795e\u5b78\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u89e3\u8b80\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u3002\u9808\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u548c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7d66\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: One must not read Paul\u2019s teaching on justification in terms of 16<sup>th<\/sup> and 17<sup>th<\/sup> century covenant theology, but in terms of first century Judaism, and the covenant promises God made to Abraham.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u7528\u8a5e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION IS LAW-COURT LANGUAGE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5fc5\u9808\u4e86\u89e3\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One must understand that justification is law-court language.<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u8056\u7d04\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\u7d66\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7528\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f86\u7cfe\u6b63\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u548c\u5e73\u53cd\u4e16\u754c\uff08\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u6210\u70ba\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f putting the world to rights\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When God made his covenant promise to Abraham, it was God\u2019s way of correcting the sin of Adam and putting the world to rights.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5fc5\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u7533\u51a4\uff08\u5e73\u53cd\uff0cvindicate\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5fc5\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f(in the right)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In God\u2019s law-court, his people will be vindicated before the world and shown to be \u201cin the right.\u201d<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u8207\u300e\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u300f\u6709\u95dc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>ESCHATOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5f9e\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u4f86\u8b1b\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul speaks of justification in terms of eschatology.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u4eba\u5011\u85c9\u7740\u5b83\u800c\u5f97\u6551\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u690d\u6839\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u88e1\u6c7a\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u85c9\u6b64\u4e0a\u5e1d\u900f\u904e\u8056\u9748\u642d\u6551\u5b87\u5b99\u8131\u96e2\u7f6a\uff0c\u4f7f\u842c\u6709\u90fd\u670d\u5728\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u6b0a\u67c4\u4e4b\u4e0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300a\u8056\u4fdd\u7f85\u7a76\u7adf\u8aaa\u4e86\u4ec0\u9ebd\uff1f\u300b\uff0c\u9801117-118\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Justification is not part of some abstract system of doctrine by which people are saved, but is rooted in the decisive action of God in Jesus Christ, whereby he rescues the cosmos from sin through the Holy Spirit, bringing all things under the authority of Jesus.<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>St. Paul, <\/em>117-118.)<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\u6b78\u7b97\uff08imputed\uff09\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is not about the imputation of God\u2019s righteousness to the believer.<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u88ab\u5e73\u53cd\uff08\u4f38\u51a4 vindication\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rather, justification is the vindication of the covenant people of God before the world.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u5728\u4e0d\u4fe1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u62d2\u7d55\u4fe1\u9760\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u58d3\u8feb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is about demonstrating that the people of God are \u201cin the right\u201d before the unbelieving world, those who refused to place their faith in Jesus Christ and oppressed the people of God.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u900f\u904e\u7e3d\u7d50\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8655\u5883\uff08\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u662f\u5728\u9019\u500b\u8655\u5883\u4e2d\u51fa\u73fe\u7684\uff09\u4f86\u8b49\u5be6\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Wright substantiates his understanding of justification by summarizing the overall first century context in which one finds the NT\u2019s message of justification:<\/p>\n<p>[a]\u5275\u9020\u4e3b\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\u6545\u610f\u4e0d\u7528\u5927\u968e\uff0c\u7528\u5c0f\u968e god\uff09\u547c\u53ec\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6c11\u4f5c\u4ed6\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>The creator god [sic] calls Israel to be his people;<\/p>\n<p>[b]\u76ee\u524d\u5728\u88ab\u6d41\u653e\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u5c07\u88ab\u6551\u8d16\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u5979\u662f\u9019\u4f4d\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff08\u6545\u610f\u4e0d\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u5927\u968e\uff09\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>Israel, currently in \u201cexile,\u201d is to be redeemed, precisely because she is the covenant people of this god [sic];<\/p>\n<p>[c]\u76ee\u524d\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u88ab\u6551\u8d16\u7684\u8a18\u865f\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>Present loyalty to the covenant is the sign of future redemption;<\/p>\n<p>[d]\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u5371\u6a5f\u7684\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u6536\u5230\u8003\u9a57\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>Loyalty to this covenant is being tested at this moment of crisis;<\/p>\n<p>[e]\u5728\u6b64\u6642\u523b\uff0c\u4ec0\u9ebd\u7b97\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7d04\u5fe0\u8aa0\u300f\uff1f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u7b97\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u5fc5\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u5fc5\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\uff08\u4f38\u51a4\uff09\uff0c\u5fc5\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u8a18\u865f\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u5c0d\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>At this moment, what counts as loyalty, and hence what marks out those who will be saved \/ vindicated \/ raised to life is [faith in Jesus Christ].<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>People of God<\/em>, 335.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u500b\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff0c\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u6559\u6703\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6709\u8ab0\u8a66\u5716\u8cfa\u5f97\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: In the light of this first century context, the problem at Galatia was not that some were trying to merit their salvation.<\/p>\n<p>\u7336\u592a\u4eba\uff0c\u8eab\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\uff0c\u89ba\u5f97\u56f0\u60d1\uff1a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u50c5\u50c5\u6191\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u6191\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff08\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u5b88\u98df\u7269\u7684\u898f\u689d\uff0c\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u88ab\u4f38\u51a4\uff0c\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Jews, the covenant people of God, were perplexed as to how one could be justified, or vindicated before the world, on the basis of faith alone, apart from the attendant badges of covenant membership: circumcision, food laws, and the Sabbath.<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>People of God<\/em>, 241.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u548c\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b\u7684\u610f\u9858\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8981\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u88ab\u5ba3\u544a\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u88ab\u5ba3\u544a\u662f\u7d04\u6c11\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u88ab\u795e\u51a4\uff08\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\uff09\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u64c1\u6709\u6469\u897f\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff08\u6258\u62c9\uff09\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u6709\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u7d04\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright: Paul\u2019s desire in Romans and Galatians is to explain that one will be declared righteous, or a member of the covenant and vindicated before the world, not because he possesses the badges of the Torah but because he has the sign of the new covenant, faith in Christ.<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\uff1a\u96d6\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u5728\u6bcf\u4e00\u9805\u7d30\u7bc0\u4e0a\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e5f\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u8655\u5883\u89e3\u91cb\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u771f\u7fa9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Dunn: Though not agreeing with Wright on every point, Dunn explains the nature of justification on this understanding, in its first century historical context:<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7a31\u4eba\u70ba\u7fa9\uff08\u63a5\u7d0d\u4ed6\u5011\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u85c9\u7740\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u8cac\u5099\u90a3\u4e9b<\/p>\n<p>\u8a8d\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u4f86\u8cfa\u5f97\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u6069\u5bf5\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u70ba\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ddf\u64da\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u6709\u7684\u597d\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u901a\u904e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u9019\u9805\u795e\u5b78\u4e0a\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\uff0c\u4e16\u4e16\u4ee3\u4ee3\u662f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u8981\u9ede\u4e43\u662f\u8aaa\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u63a5\u7d0d\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u8207\u63a5\u7d0d\u4efb\u4f55\u4eba\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u6a23\u7684\uff1a\u672c\u4e4e\u6069\u5178\uff0c\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u5011\u655e\u958b\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u9818\u53d7\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9858\u610f\u7d66\u4ed6\u4eec\u7684\uff08\u6069\u5178\uff09\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u8eab\u70ba\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u63a5\u7d0d\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e26\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u63a1\u7528\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u4ed6\u5011\u8f49\u63db\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u570b\u85c9\u6216\u6c11\u65cf\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\u201cGod justifies (accepts) people through faith and not by virtue of works of the law.\u00a0 He was not hitting at people who thought they could earn God\u2019s goodwill by their achievements, or merit God\u2019s final acquittal on the basis of all their good deeds. That theological insight is true and of lasting importance. But it is not quite what Paul was saying.\u00a0 Paul\u2019s point was rather that God accepts Gentiles in the same way that he accepts any person \u2013 by grace through faith, through their openness to receive what God wishes to give them.\u00a0 That is to say, God accepts Gentiles as Gentiles, without requiring them to take on a Jewish life-style or change their nationality or race.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(James D.G. Dunn and Alan M. Suggate, <em>The Justice of God: A fresh look at the old doctrine of justification by faith.<\/em>\u00a0 Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993, 27-28.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4f3c\u4e4e\u5c0d\u8cf4\u7279\u548c\u9127\u96c5\u5404\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\u7684\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u4e8b\uff1a\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u8ad6\u5230\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ad6\u5230\u6211\u5011\u5982\u4f55\u8fa8\u522b\u4e00\u500b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7d04\u6c11\u88e1\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>It appears that: for Wright and Dunn, justification is not about soteriology, but ecclesiology: justification by faith is not about how one gets saved, but rather how one can identify a member of the covenant people of God.<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>Paul<\/em>, 119.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>PRESENT AND FUTURE JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\uff1a\u7a31\u7fa9\u5206\u5169\u500b\u5c64\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Wright: There is a twofold division of justification:<\/p>\n<p>[1]\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5728\u76ee\u524d\u6240\u5f97\u7684\u4f38\u51a4 \uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5fe0\u8aa0\u9806\u670d\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u4e3b\u6b0a\u3002\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\u8ab0\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u6703\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\uff08\u4f38\u51a4\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Present justification \u2013 the vindication that the covenant people possess in the present, which is based on their faith in Jesus, understood as faithful submission to his saving lordship, and indicates who will be vindicated on the final day.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1a\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u5177\u9ad4\u5730\u88ab\u5ba3\u544a\u662f\u300e\u5c0d\u7684\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Final or future justification \u2013 the actual declaration of being \u201cin the right\u201d before the world on the day of judgment.<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>Paul<\/em>, 132.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u5f9e\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8d70\u5411\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u9032\u7a0b\u4e2d\u6703\u986f\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One should note, however, that for Wright, the ground for justification becomes clear in the progress from present to final justification.<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u8cf4\u6c0f\u70ba\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b8:3-4\u4f5c\u6ce8\u91cb\u6642\u7a31\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u9019\u88e1\u8b1b\u5230\u7684\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff0c\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u7b2c2:1-16\u7bc0\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u90a3\u65e5\u3002\u90a3\u65e5\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7a31\u7fa9\uff09\u8207\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u7a31\u7fa9\uff09\u662f\u76f8\u914d\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u4f86\u81ea\u4fdd\u7f85\u8b1b\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u9818\u7684\u751f\u547d\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u9019\u751f\u547d\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u529f\u52de\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u80fd\u8cfa\u5f97\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Commenting on Rom. 8:3-4, Wright argues that: \u201cWhat is spoken of here is the future verdict, that of the last day, the \u201cday\u201d Paul describes in 2:1-6.\u00a0 That verdict will correspond to the present one, and will follow from (though not, in that sense, be earned or merited by), the Spirit-led life of which Paul now speaks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>Romans<\/em>, 580.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6211\u5011\u7e3d\u7d50\u8cf4\u6c0f\u548c\u9127\u6c0f\u7b46\u4e0b\u7684\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u570d\u7e5e\u7740\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u8ef8\u5fc3\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When we summarize Paul\u2019s doctrine of justification as it comes from the pen of Wright, and similarly from Dunn, we must recognize that it rotates upon the axis of ecclesiology.<\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u5ba3\u544a\uff1a\u8ab0\u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u5c6c\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u7fa9\uff08\u5c0d\uff09\u7684\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff1f\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\u4f5c\u70ba\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u6709\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u9075\u5b88\u98df\u7269\u898f\u689d\uff0c\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u4eba\u7b49\u6a19\u8a8c\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is the declaration of who belongs to the covenant people of God in the present, those who are righteous or members of the covenant, who are marked out by faith, not works of the law like circumcision, food laws, and Sabbath.<\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e5f\u662f\u5728\u73fe\u4eca\u9810\u671f\uff0c\u5c07\u4f86\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>It is also the anticipation in the present of what will happen in the future at the final day.<\/p>\n<p>\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4fe1\u5fc3\u3002\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u5fe0\u8aa0\u9806\u670d\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u9810\u671f\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1b\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e43\u662f\u6839\u64da\u8056\u9748\u5728\u4fe1\u5f92\u751f\u547d\u4e2d\u6240\u7522\u751f\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Present justification is on the basis of faith understood as faithful obedience which anticipates future justification on the basis of the Spirit-produced works of the believer.<\/p>\n<p>\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u7e3d\u7d50\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u5c0d\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u548c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One can also see from this summary how the definitions of the three terms of works of the law, righteousness, and justification affect one\u2019s understanding of the doctrine of justification.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>V. \u6279\u5224\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5bf9\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u89c0\u5ff5\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE OF THE NEW PERSPECTIVES ON PAUL ON MATTERS OF DEFINITION.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5f9e\u6279\u5224\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u5b57\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u958b\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In our critique of the NPP, then, we will begin with matters of definition.<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u4f86\u770b\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u5bcc\u6709\u6311\u6230\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There are some contexts where the definition of the term (righteousness) is genuinely a challenging exegetical question, such as:<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The perennial question of the objective vs. the subjective genitive in Roans 1:17a, \u201cfor in it the righteousness of God is revealed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u78ba\u5be6\u6709\u5927\u591a\u6570\u89e3\u7d93\u5bb6\u5c0d\u89e3\u91cb\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u7684\u5171\u8b58\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This is not to say, however, that there is not a majority view within the Reformed community regarding the interpretation of Romans 1:17a.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6458\u8b6f\uff1a\u7f851:17\u4e0a\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6b78\u7b97\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5c6c\u6027\u6216\u7d20\u8cea\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Foonote 157: Historically the majority of historic Protestant and Reformed interpreters on the question of Rom 1:17a have sided with the objective genitive, or more specifically the genitive of source \u2013 the righteousness is that which God imputes to the believer rather than a quality or attribute of God.<\/p>\n<p>K.L. Onesti and M.T. Brauch, \u201cRighteousness, Righteousness of God,\u201d in <em>Dictionary of Paul and His Letters<\/em>, eds. Gerald F. Hawthorne, Ralph P. Martin, Daniel G. Reid.\u00a0 Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press, 1993.\u00a0 833.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1aSee, e.g.<\/p>\n<p>\u52a0\u723e\u6587Calvin, <em>Romans<\/em>, 27-28;<\/p>\n<p>\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7Luther, <em>Romans<\/em>, 9;<\/p>\n<p>\u591a\u7279\u6703\u8b70\u6279\u6e96\u7684\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u6ce8\u91cbTheodore Haak, ed., <em>The Dutch Annotations Upon the Whole Bible: Ordered and Appointed by the Synod of Dort, 1618 and published by Authority<\/em>, 1637.\u00a0 London, 1657, ad loc.<\/p>\n<p>Peter Martyr Vermigli, <em>Commentary on Romans<\/em>.\u00a0 London: 1558, ad loc.<\/p>\n<p>John Downame, <em>Annotations Upon All the Books of the Old and New Testaments<\/em>.\u00a0 London, 1657, ad loc.<\/p>\n<p>\u58a8\u862d\u9813Philip Melanchthon, <em>Commentary on Romans<\/em>, trans. Fred Kramer.\u00a0 St. Louis: Concordia, 1992, 70.<\/p>\n<p>\u95dc\u65bc\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u7684\u9019\u7a2e\u89e3\u91cb\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ffd\u7d22\u5230\u6559\u7236\uff1a\u5c48\u68ad\u591a\u6a21\uff08\u91d1\u55d3\u5b50\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rom. 1:17a as an objective genitive goes as far back as St. Chrysostom, whom Vermigli \u2026 cites.<\/p>\n<p>See John Chrysostom<em>, Homilies on Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans<\/em>, NPNF, vol. 11, ed. Philip Schaff, 1889.\u00a0 Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989.\u00a0 349.<\/p>\n<p>\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u6703\u8b70\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5be6\u73fe\u7942\u6240\u6709\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\uff1b\u5373\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u5be6\u548c\u6190\u61ab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, however, the Westminster divines in their Annotations acknowledge that sometimes the phrase, righteousness of God, \u201cis the accomplishment of all his promises; for so is the righteousness of God sometimes taken for his faithfulness and mercy (Rom. 3:26).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(\u6458\u8b6f\u6ce8\u8173\u5b8c\u7562\u3002End of footnote 157.)<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u8a8d\u70ba\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u4e0a\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b88\u7d04\u4fe1\u5be6\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f71\u97ff\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One might be able to interpret Rom. 1:17a as God\u2019s covenant faithfulness without necessarily affecting his understanding of justification.<\/p>\n<p>\u99c1\u65a5\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u5728\u76df\u7d04\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5373\u5c0d\u975e\u4fe1\u5f92\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u516c\u7fa9\uff1f \u2026<\/p>\n<p>Arguing that Rom. 1:17a refers to God\u2019s covenant faithfulness, however, raises questions regarding God\u2019s righteousness towards those who are outside the covenant.\u00a0 In other words, is not God righteous towards unbelievers as well as those within the covenant?<\/p>\n<p>Mark Seifrid\u8fd1\u5e74\u4f86\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u6311\u6230\u9127\u6c0f\u8207\u8cf4\u6c0f\u5c0d\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u548c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u95dc\u4fc2\u7684\u770b\u6cd5 \u2026<\/p>\n<p>There is also the recent research of Mark Seifrid, which challenges the coordination of the ideas of covenant and righteousness as Dunn and Wright attempt to do.<\/p>\n<p>(Mark A. Seifrid, \u201cRighteousness Language in the Hebrew Scriptures ad Early Judaism,\u201d in <em>Justification and Variegated Nomism (hereafter: JVN),<\/em> 2 vols., eds. D.A. Carson, Peter T. O\u2019Brien, and Mark A. Seifrid, Grand Rapids: Baker, 2001, vol. 1, pp. 415-442.)<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u516c\u7fa9\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7942\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness is a term that encompasses God\u2019s activity beyond the covenants with his people.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6458\u8b6f\uff1a\uff09Seifrid\u96d6\u7136\u6c92\u6709\u8003\u616e\u5230\u4e0a\u5e1d\u50b3\u9020\u4e4b\u7d04\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u7e3d\u7684\u4f86\u8aaa\u63d0\u51fa\u9019\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5c0d\u7d04\u4ee5\u5916\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u516c\u7fa9\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>There are elements of Seifrid\u2019s argument that fail to account for the covenant of works, or creation covenant, though his overall argument raises an important question, namely:<\/p>\n<p>Is God righteous towards those who are outside the covenant?<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6211\u5011\u554f\uff0c\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u6642\uff0c\u554f\u984c\u5c31\u986f\u7684\u66f4\u52a0\u5c16\u92b3\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Where the question of the definition of righteousness becomes more acute, however, is the matter of righteousness as it is applied to the individual.<\/p>\n<p>\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Question: Can righteousness be defined as covenant membership?<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff1a\u820a\u7d04\u8207\u65b0\u7d04\u7684\u7528\u8a5e\u90fd\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8b49\u64da\u8aaa\u660e\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u300f\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>First: There is no lexical evidence in either the OT or NT to support the claim that righteousness means \u201ccovenant membership.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u7565\u8b6f\uff1a\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e86\u591a\u672c\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u6587\uff0c\u5e0c\u81d8\u6587\u5b57\u5178\uff0c\u8a5e\u5178 \u2026<\/p>\n<p>(Footnote 159: Francis Brown, et a., <em>A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament<\/em>, trans. Edward Robinson, 1907; Oxford, Clarendon, 1976.\u00a0 841-842.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"755\">\n<li>Laird Harris, et al<em>., Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament<\/em>, Chicago: Moody, 1980, 751-755.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ol start=\"264\">\n<li>Johannes Botterweck, et al., <em>Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament<\/em>, vol. 12, trans. Douglas W. Scott, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003, 239-264.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Walter Bauer, et al, <em>A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament<\/em>, 2<sup>nd<\/sup> ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979, 196-197.<\/p>\n<p>H.G. Liddell and Robert Scott, <em>A Greek-English Lexicon<\/em>, rev. ed., Oxford: Clarendon, 1966, 429.<\/p>\n<p>Gerhard Kittel, <em>Theological Dictionary of the New Testament<\/em>, vol. 2, trans. Geoffrey Bromiley, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964, 192-210.)\uff08\u7565\u8b6f\u6ce8\u8173\u5b8c\u7562\u3002End Footnote 159.\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u6c0f\u537b\u516c\u958b\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ed6\u61f7\u7591\u5b57\u5178\uff08\u8a5e\u5178\uff09\u7684\u7de8\u8005\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1b\u9084\u8aaa\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u6210\u70ba\u5c0d\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u6514\u963b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright, however, has publicly stated that he questions the methodologies of lexicographers and that the absence of lexical support for his definition of righteousness is not an obstacle.<\/p>\n<p>Seifrid \u537b\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6587\u737b\u4e2d\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u652f\u6301\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u6307\u7d04\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Seifrid has nevertheless demonstrated from the literature of the Second Temple that the claim that \u201crighteousness\u201d is a term that refers to covenant membership cannot be supported.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u8b49 e.g.\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 9:16<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 34:18-19<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 35:5-6<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u8a69\u7bc7\u300bPsalms of Solomon 2:34-35<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u8a69\u7bc7\u300bPsalms of Solomon 3:1-12<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u667a\u6167\u66f8\u300bWisdom 2:12-24<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u667a\u6167\u66f8\u300bWisdom 3:1-19<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6258\u6bd4\u7279\u66f8\u300bTobit 4:17<\/p>\n<p>(Seifrid, \u201cRighteousness Language,\u201d 439-440; see also idem, \u201cPaul\u2019s Use of Righteousness Language Against Its Hellenistic Background, in JVN vol. 2, p. 65, footnote 90.)<\/p>\n<p>\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u53ea\u8981\u5be9\u6838\u5e7e\u6bb5\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u8cf4\u6c0f\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, Wright\u2019s argument does not withstand close scrutiny in a brief reconnaissance of a few scriptural texts.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8a0e\u50f9\u9084\u50f9\uff0c\u6c42\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0d\u8981\u6bc1\u6ec5\u6240\u591a\u746a\uff0c\u57ce\u5185\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e94\u5341\u500b\u7fa9\u4eba\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>For example: When Abraham negotiates with God to spare Sodom, he tries to convince God to spare the city on the pretense that there might be fifty righteous men within its confines.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5c0d\u7167\u4e86\u7fa9\u4eba\u548c\u60e1\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Abraham contrasts the righteous with the wicked.<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300bGen. 18:24-25.<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6551\u8d16\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u9019\u968e\u6bb5\uff0c\u552f\u4e00\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7acb\u7d04\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u548c\u4ed6\u7684\u5bb6\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f4f\u5728\u6240\u591a\u746a\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002\uff08\u300a\u5f7c\u5f97\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b2:7\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Yet, at this point in redemptive history the only ones in covenant with God are Abraham and his household (Gen. 15), so the righteous supposedly dwelling in Sodom could not be members of the covenant, as Wright contends (2 Peter 2:7).<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7528\u6d2a\u6c34\u5be9\u5224\u6642\uff0c\u7942\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e86\u7fa9\u4eba\u632a\u4e9e\u4e00\u5bb6\uff0c\u60e1\u4eba\u90fd\u53d7\u5be9\u5224\u800c\u6ec5\u4ea1\u3002\uff08\u300a\u5275\u4e16\u8a18\u300b6:9, 12-13\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Just as in the flood judgment, righteous Noah was spared while the wicked were swept away in judgment. (Gen. 6:9, 12-13)<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Righteousness, therefore, cannot mean covenant membership.<\/p>\n<p>\u5148\u77e5\u66f8\u7d66\u6211\u5011\u5c0d\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u624e\u5be6\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>We see righteousness substantively defined, for example, in the prophets:<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4ee5\u897f\u7d50\u66f8\u300b18:5-9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf a man is righteous and does what is just and right \u2013 if he does not eat upon the mountains or lift up his eyes to the idols of the house of Israel, does not defile his neighbor\u2019s wife or approach a woman in her time of menstrual impurity, does not oppress anyone, but restores to the debtor his pledge, commits no robbery, gives his bread to the hungry and covers the naked with a garment, does not lend at interest or take any profit, withholds his hand from injustice, executes true justice between man and man, walks in my statutes, and keeps my rules by acting faithfully \u2013 he is righteous; he shall surely live, declares the Lord God.\u201d\u00a0 (Ezek. 18:5-9).<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u9019\u6bb5\u300a\u4ee5\u897f\u7d50\u66f8\u300b\u8b49\u660e\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6307\u300e\uff08\u884c\u70ba\uff09\u7b26\u5408\u67d0\u4e9b\u502b\u7406\u6e96\u5247\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In fact, this quotation from Ezekiel demonstrates that righteousness is not covenant membership, but rather adherence or conformity to an ethical standard.<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u5e6b\u52a9\u6211\u5011\u7406\u89e3\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5728\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>It is this OT background and understanding of righteousness that informs the use of the term in the NT.<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:3\u8b1b\u7684\uff0c\u6709\u90a3\u9ebd\u7684\u9707\u64bc\u6027\uff1a\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u88ab\u7b97\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This is what makes Paul\u2019s statements regarding Abraham so stunning, namely, Abraham is counted righteous by faith, not on the basis of his moral conduct (Rom. 4:3).<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a\u96d6\u7136\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5f80\u5f80\u4ee5\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u70ba\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4fe1\u5be6\uff0c\u6216\u4eba\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u5fe0\u8aa0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Hence, righteousness, while often within a covenant context, is not to be identified with either God\u2019s covenant faithfulness or reciprocating covenant fidelity.<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u5230\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5f71\u97ff\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5f9e\u539f\u6587\u89e3\u7d93\u4f86\u770b\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u652f\u6301\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The NPP-influenced definition of righteousness is exegetically unsustainable.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>WORKS OF THE LAW<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1a\u9127\u6c0f\u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u592a\u904e\u72ed\u7a84\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>When it comes to the definition of the phrase \u201cworks of the law,\u201d proponents of the NPP such as Dunn initially defined the term too narrowly.<\/p>\n<p>\u8072\u7a31\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6307\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u898f\u689d\uff0c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff1a\u5f9e\u539f\u6587\u89e3\u7d93\u770b\uff0c\u662f\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u8173\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>It is exegetically indefensible to maintain that \u201cworks of the law\u201d refers only to circumcision, food-laws, and Sabbath observance.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u8aa0\u7136\u5305\u62ec\u9019\u4e09\u4ef6\u4e8b\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u65bc\u5b83\u5011\u3002<\/p>\n<p>While \u201cworks of the law\u201d certainly includes these three things, they are not restricted to them.<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u5f88\u660e\u986f\u7684\u8b49\u64da\uff1a\uff08\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b3:10\uff1b\u53c2\u8003\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b27:26\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This conclusion is evident, for example, when Paul explains that,<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAll who rely on works of the law are under a curse; for it is written, \u2018Cursed be everyone who does not abide by all things written in the Book of the Law, and do them\u201d (Gal. 3:10; cf. Deut. 27:26).<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u8cf4\u6c0f\u537b\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b27:26\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u6307\u6574\u500b\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u72af\u7f6a\uff0c\u6d41\u653e\uff0c\u548c\u6b78\u56de\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u9019\u88e1\u6240\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u72af\u7f6a\u6642\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4e8b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6574\u500b\u570b\u5bb6\u4e0d\u5b88\u4f4f\u6574\u500b\u5f8b\u6cd5\u6642\u6703\u767c\u751f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4e8b\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, Wright contends that Paul\u2019s quotation of Deut. 27:26 refers not to the sin of individuals but to the pattern of national sin, exile, and restoration:<br \/>\n\u201cWhat is envisaged is not so much the question of what happens<em> when this or that individual sins,<\/em> but the question of what happens when <em>the nation as a whole fails<\/em> to keep <em>the Torah as a whole<\/em>.\u201d\u00a0 (Wright, <em>Climax<\/em>, 146.)<\/p>\n<p>OPC \u5831\u544a\u66f8\u99c1\u65a5\uff1a\u82e5\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4e0d\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u64da\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u570b\u5bb6\u6027\u7684\u7f6a\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Yet, one must ask, if Wright is correct:<\/p>\n<p>Why does Paul not bring forth examples of Israel\u2019s national sin in his argument in Galatians?<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u548c\u6492\u62c9\u7684\u7f6a \uff0c\u7528\u8840\u6c23\u7684\u52aa\u529b\u5b88\u4f4f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\u2026\u3002\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b4:22-31\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Instead, Paul brings forth the example of Abraham and Sarah, who try to lay hold of the promises of the covenant by their sinful efforts (Gal. 4:22-31).<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u55ae\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b27\uff1a26\u7684\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u544a\u8a34\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u6c11\u8981\u5b88\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8aa1\u547d\uff08\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b26:18\uff1b27:1\uff09\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b12-26\u7ae0\u7684\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, the very context of Deut. 27:26 itself tells us that the people were \u201cto keep all his commandments\u201d (Deut. 26:18, 27:1), meaning the whole body of laws in Deut. 12-26.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u5f15\u8ff0\u4e09\u672c\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u6ce8\u91cb\u2026\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(See: J.G. McConville, <em>Deuteronomy<\/em>, AOTC, Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press, 2002, 388, 394.<\/p>\n<p>Duane L. Christiansen, <em>Deuteronomy 21:10 \u2013 34:12<\/em>, WBC (Nashville, Thomas Nelson, 2002, 653, 655.<\/p>\n<p>Jeffrey H. Tigay, <em>Deuteronomy<\/em>, JPSTC, Philadelphia: JPS, 1996, 248.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5b78\u8005Das\u8aaa\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b3:10\u8b1b\u5230\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff0c\u53c8\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u7533\u547d\u8a18\u300b27:26\u6642\uff0c\u5c31\u8aaa\u660e\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u6307\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u6574\u9ad4\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u79c1\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u2026\u3002<\/p>\n<p>A.Andrew Das notes in this regard that,<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen Paul uses the phrase \u2018works of the law\u2019 in Gal. 3:10 and cites Deut. 27:26 (in a composite quote drawing on other statements in Deut. 27-30), the Deuteronomy context indicates that Paul has in mind the law in its entirety, including actions done in private.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(A.Andrew Das, <em>Paul, the Law, and the Covenant<\/em>, Peabody: Hendrickson, 2001, 158.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u904b\u52d5\u88e1\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u5b78\u8005\uff08\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff09\uff0c\u4e5f\u652f\u6301\u9019\u500b\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This conclusion has also recently drawn support from one of the chief scholars associated with the NPP.<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u6c0f\u7684\u6539\u89c0\uff1a\u4ed6\u8d77\u521d\u662f\u300e\u958b\u8352\u725b\u300f\uff0c\u5ba3\u7a31\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u9808\u5f9e\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u81ea\u6211\u8a8d\u8b58\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Dunn originally pioneered much of the exegetical ground work for the case on the ethnocentric understanding of the phrase, works of the law.<\/p>\n<p>(James D.G. Dunn, \u201cWorks of the Law and the Curse of the Law (Gal. 3:10-14)\u201d, <em>New Testament Studies<\/em> 31 (1985), 523-542;<\/p>\n<p>Idem, <em>Jesus, Paul and the Law<\/em>, 215-236, esp. pp. 216-217.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u53d7\u5230\u6279\u5224\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u9127\u6c0f\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u7576\u7136\u662f\u6307\u5f8b\u6cd5\u6240\u5429\u5490\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u4e8b\uff1a\u6307\u300e\u6069\u7d04\u5b88\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In response to criticisms of his initial argument, Dunn has conceded that \u201c \u2018the works of the law,\u2019 does, of course, refer to all or whatever the law requires, covenantal nomisim as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Dunn, <em>Theology of Paul<\/em>, 358.; Cf. Peter T. O\u2019Brien, \u201cWas Paul a Covenantal Nomist?\u201d in <em>JVN<\/em> vol. 2, 278.)<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u4ecd\u7136\u5805\u6301\u9127\u6c0f\u539f\u672c\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u3002<\/p>\n<p>By contrast, Wright still appears to maintain Dunn\u2019s original position [see Wright, <em>Last Word<\/em>, 54-55].)<\/p>\n<p>\u9127\u6c0f\u96d6\u7136\u627f\u8a8d\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u6539\u8b8a\u4ed6\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff1a\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Nevertheless, despite this concession, he does not appear to have modified his argument that the works of the law primarily deal with boundary marker issues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u56de\u61c9\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC RESPONSE:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\uff0c\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u5b83\u5011\u7684\u78ba\u626e\u6f14\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002\uff08\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b2\uff1a16\uff1b\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b3\uff1a27-30\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>The works of the law are far more than national boundary markers, though they do<\/p>\n<p>a boundary marking function (Gal. 2:16; Rom. 3:27-30).<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u8a66\u5716\u85c9\u884c\u70ba\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u5efa\u7acb\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\u3002\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b9:30-10:3\uff09<\/p>\n<p>It was Israel, however, that sought to establish its own righteousness before God by works (Rom. 9:30-10:3).<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u9075\u5b88\u6469\u897f\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff1a\u6240\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u5272\u79ae\uff0c\u98df\u7269\u7684\u898f\u689d\u548c\u5b88\u5b89\u606f\u65e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4e0d\u6bba\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0d\u59e6\u6deb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5077\u76d7\uff0c\u4e0d\u62dc\u5076\u50cf\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The expression, therefore, refers to deeds done in obedience to the law of Moses, which would include not only circumcision, food laws, and Sabbath observance, but also abstaining from murder, adultery, theft, and idolatry.<\/p>\n<p>\u6545\u6b64\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6307\u6c11\u65cf\u6027\u7684\u7279\u8cea\uff0c\u4e5f\u6307\u9053\u5fb7\uff08\u751f\u6d3b\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u7279\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The works of the law, consequently, refer both to ethnic and ethical distinctives.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u700f\u89bd\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u6b21\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u65b0\u820a\u7d04\u4e4b\u9593\uff0c\u975e\u8056\u9748\u9ed8\u793a\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u66f8\u5377\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u9019\u7d50\u8ad6\u3002\u5b83\u5011\u5805\u6301\u9075\u5b88\u6240\u6709\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u5805\u6301\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One can substantiate this conclusion, for example, by a perusal of the Apocrypha, the uninspired<\/p>\n<p>Jewish inter-testamental historical books, and its insistence upon the importance of the entirely of the law and not just its ethnic-boundary functions.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u65bd\u6368\u53ef\u4ee5\u6551\u81ea\u5df1\u8131\u96e2\u9ed1\u6697\u6216\u514d\u53d7\u5be9\u5224\uff08\u300a\u6258\u6bd4\u7279\u66f8\u300b4:6-10\uff09\uff0c\u8c9e\u6f54\u7684\u592a\u76e3\u5c07\u5f97\u6069\u5bf5\uff08\u300a\u6240\u7f85\u9580\u667a\u6167\u66f8\u300b3:14\uff09\uff0c\u5b5d\u656c\u7236\u6bcd\u80fd\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u8d16\u7f6a\uff08\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300b3:3-4\uff09\uff0c\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u800c\u7a4d\u84c4\u8ca1\u5bf6\u80fd\u6551\u81ea\u5df1\u8131\u96e2\u707d\u96e3\uff08\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300b29:11-12\uff09\uff0c\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4ee5\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4f86\u5c0d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5411\u4ed6\u7acb\u7684\u7d04\u300e\u79ae\u5c1a\u5f80\u4f86\u300f\uff08\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300b44:20-21\uff09\u7b49\u2026<\/p>\n<p>One finds the following examples where almsgiving delivers from darkness (Tobit 4:6-10), or judgment, the sexually pure eunuch is shown favor (Wisdom 3:14), one can atone for sins by honoring one\u2019s parents (Sirach 3:3-4), laying up treasures according to the law can deliver one from disaster (Sirach 29:11-12), and that Abraham\u2019s observance of the law was the <em>quid pro quo<\/em> for God\u2019s covenant with him (Sirach 44:20-21)\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u9084\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u4f8b\u8b49\uff0c\u986f\u793a\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u9060\u9060\u8d85\u904e\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There are other such examples that demonstrate that observance of the law clearly went beyond boundary marker functions.<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4ee5\u65af\u5f97\u62c9\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Esdras 8:7<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4ee5\u65af\u5f97\u62c9\u4e8c\u66f8\u300b2 Esdras 8:29-34<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u6258\u6bd4\u7279\u66f8\uff09Tobit 1:3<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 3:14, 30<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 14:20-15:1<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 15:15-17<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 19:20-21<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 28:7<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 29:1, 9, 11-12<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 33:23-24<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Maccabees 1:43-64<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Maccabees 2:21<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Maccabees 13:48<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Maccabees 14:14-15<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e8c\u66f8\u300b2 Maccabees 12:39-45<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u65bc\u9019\u4e9b\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4f5c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u5230\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u662f\u6307\u4eba\u5617\u8a66\u9760\u81ea\u5df1\u9806\u670d\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4f86\u9020\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6307\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u6a19\u8a8c\uff08boundary marker\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Given this evidence, one must conclude that when Paul uses the phrase \u201cworks of the law,\u201d he has in mind the attempt to create one\u2019s own righteousness by obedience to the law, not its supposed boundary-marker function.<\/p>\n<p>(For further argumentation see Fesko, \u201cWright on the Works of the Law,\u201d 67-83.)<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u6851\u6c0f\uff0c\u9127\u6c0f\uff0c\u8cf4\u6c0f\u5982\u4f55\u7e7c\u7e8c\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8aaa\u660e\uff1a\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u88e1\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u7684\uff1b\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u597d\u5e7e\u6b21\u99c1\u65a5\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In other words, contrary to the protestations of Sanders, Dunn, Wright, et al., legalism was present in first century Judaism, and was an issue Paul confronted on numerous occasions.<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300bRom. 3:20<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300bGal. 3:10<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4ee5\u5f17\u6240\u66f8\u300bEph. 2:8-9<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u63d0\u591a\u66f8\u300bTitus 3:5<\/p>\n<p>\u4e8b\u5be6\u4e0a\uff0c\u82e5\u5be9\u6838\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7684\u6587\u737b\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u96e3\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u95dc\u65bc\u500b\u4eba\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In fact, an examination of certain Second Temple materials will easily demonstrate the presence of legalism as it pertains to one\u2019s justification.<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u99ac\u5361\u6bd4\u4e00\u66f8\u300b1 Maccabees 2:52<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u897f\u62c9\u66f8\u300bSirach 44:19-21<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u79a7\u5e74\u66f8\u300bJubilees 16:28<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u79a7\u5e74\u66f8\u300bJubilees 24:10-11<\/p>\n<p>\u6606\u862d\u6587\u737b4QMMT<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u4e3b\u9762\u524d\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u90fd\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u4ed6\u7684\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e00\u751f\u4ee4\uff08\u4e3b\uff1f\uff09\u559c\u60a6\u3002\u300f\uff08\u300a\u79a7\u5e74\u66f8\u300b23:10\uff09<\/p>\n<p>The author of Jubilees, for example, states that \u201cAbraham was perfect in all of his actions with the lord and was pleasing through righteousness all the days of his life.\u201d (Jubilees 23:10)<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u537b\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u662f\u300e\u4e0d\u656c\u754f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u300f\u3002\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:5\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Paul, however, says that Abraham was \u201cungodly\u201d (Rom. 4:5).<\/p>\n<p>\u540c\u6a23\u7684\uff0c\u5728\u6606\u862d\u6587\u737b\u8a6e\u91cb\u300a\u54c8\u5df4\u8c37\u66f8\u300b2:4\u300e\u7fa9\u4eba\u5fc5\u56e0\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5f97\u751f\u300f\u6642\uff0c\u9019\u300e\u662f\u95dc\u4e4e\u7336\u5927\u4e4b\u5bb6\u6240\u6709\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fc5\u642d\u6551\u4ed6\u5011\u8131\u96e2\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u5bb6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u6240\u53d7\u7684\u82e6\u96e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u4fe1\u9760\u516c\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u5e2b\u300f\u3002(1QpHab 8:1-3)<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, one finds in the Qumran interpretation of Hab. 2:4, \u201cthe righteous shall live by his faith,\u201d that \u201cthis concerns all those who observe the Law in the House of Judah, whom God will deliver from the House of Judgment because of their suffering and because of their faith in the Teacher of Righteousness.\u201d\u00a0 (1QpHab 8:1-3).<\/p>\n<p>(Translation from Geza Vermes, <em>The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English<\/em>, 1962, New York: Penguin Books, 1997).<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u8207\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f3a\u8abf\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u552f\u7368\u85c9\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u6392\u9664\u4e86\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\u6216\u53d7\u82e6\u3002\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\uff1b3:20-22\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>This interpretation runs contrary to Paul\u2019s, who emphasizes faith alone to the exclusion of the observance of the law or suffering in justification (Rom. 1:17; 3:20-22).<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u5b78\u8005\u5011\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u900f\u904e\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u5217\u570b\u9762\u524d\u4f38\u51a4\uff08\u5e73\u53cd\uff09\u4f86\u70ba\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u4f5c\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Those associated with the NPP define the NT teaching on justification primarily in terms of Israel\u2019s vindication before the Gentile nations.<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u5c0d\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u57fa\u790e\u662f\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7a76\u7adf\u8036\u7a4c\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u548c\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u4f5c\u8005\u662f\u5426\u9019\u6a23\u5730\u7406\u89e3\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Foundational to this understanding of justification is one\u2019s understanding of first century Judaism and, more importantly, whether Jesus, Paul, and the other authors of the NT understand justification in this matter.<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u6240\u63cf\u8ff0\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u662f\u5426\u90a3\u9ebd\u5283\u4e00\uff0c\u53d7\u5230\u5b78\u8005\u7684\u8cea\u7591\u3002<\/p>\n<p>First: there has been a significant question raised regarding the uniform picture of the first-century Jewish worldview as Wright describes it.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u7565\u8b6f\uff1a\u6ce8\u8173171\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u4e86\u5e7e\u8655\u5b78\u8853\u8457\u4f5c\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Footnote 171: Mark A Seifrid, <em>Christ, our Righteousness: Paul\u2019s theology of justification<\/em>, NSBT (Downers Grove: Inter Varsity, 2000, 21-25.)<\/p>\n<p>Idem, \u201cUnrighteous by Faith: Apostolic Proclamation in Rom. 1:18-3:20,\u201d in <em>JVN<\/em> vol. 2, pp. 119, n. 33, 123.<\/p>\n<p>Craig A. Evans, \u201cJesus and the Continuing Exile of Israel,\u201d in <em>Jesus and the Restoration of Israel: A Critical Assessment of N.T. Wright\u2019s Jesus and the Victory of God,<\/em> ed. Cary C. Newman (Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press, 1999, 77-100;<\/p>\n<p>Richard B Hays, \u201cAdam, Israel, Christ: \u00a0The Question of Covenant in the Theology of Romans: A response to Leander E. Keck and N.T. Wright,\u201d in <em>Pauline Theology<\/em>, vol. E, Romans, eds. David M. Hay and E. Elizabeth Johnson (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1995), 68-86;<\/p>\n<p>Douglas J. Moo, \u201cIsrael and the Law in Rom 5-11: Interaction with the New Perspective,\u201d in <em>JVN <\/em>2, 201-205;<\/p>\n<p>Peter T. O\u2019Brien, \u201cWas Paul a Covenantal Nomist,\u201d in <em>JVN<\/em> 2, 285-86;<\/p>\n<p>Bruce W. Longnecker, <em>The Triumph of Abraham\u2019s God: The Transformation of Identity in Galatians<\/em>, Edinburgh: T &amp; T Clark, 1998, 137-138;<\/p>\n<p>Steven M. Bryan, <em>Jesus and Israel\u2019s Traditions of Judgment and Restoration<\/em>, Cambridge: CUP, 2002, 12-20;<\/p>\n<p>Seyoon Kim, <em>Paul and the New Perspective: Second Thoughts on the Origin of Paul\u2019s Gospel,<\/em> Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2002, 136-141.\u00a0 End of footnote 171.)<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173171\u5b8c\u7562\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u91cd\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u2014\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\u4ecd\u5728\u653e\u9010\u4e2d\uff0c\u8036\u7a4c\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u7684\u653e\u9010 \u2013 \u7d93\u5f97\u8d77\u8003\u9a57\u55ce\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Specifically, is his thesis of Israel in exile and that Jesus brings it to an end one that can withstand scrutiny?<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6587\u737b\u6709\u8b49\u64da\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u76f8\u4fe1\u4ed6\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u5f9e\u88ab\u64c4\uff08\u653e\u9010\uff09\u6b78\u56de\uff0c\u9019\u6b78\u56de\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u964d\u81e8\u4e4b\u524d\u65e9\u5df2\u958b\u59cb\uff08\u300a\u5df4\u9304\u66f8\u300b4:36\uff1b5:5-9\uff09\u3002\u300a\u6731\u8fea\u65af\u66f8\u300b\u4e5f\u8ad6\u5230\u653e\u9010\u7684\u7d50\u675f\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>There is evidence from first century literature, for example, that points to the idea that Jews believed that the return from exile was already in progress long before the advent of Christ (Baruch 4:36; 5:5-9).\u00a0 The book of Judith also speaks about the end of exile:<\/p>\n<p>17\u00a0 \u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0d\u72af\u7f6a\u5f97\u7f6a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u8208\u65fa\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u70ba\u6068\u60e1\u7f6a\u5b7d\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u8207\u4ed6\u5011\u540c\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>18\u00a0 \u7576\u4ed6\u5011\u504f\u96e2\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6307\u5b9a\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u9053\u8def\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u591a\u6b21\u6230\u6557\uff0c\u88ab\u9818\u5230\u7570\u90a6\u4e4b\u5730\u3002\u4ed6\u5011\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u8056\u6bbf\u5b8c\u5168\u6bc1\u6ec5\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4ec7\u6575\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u57ce\u9547\u3002<\/p>\n<p>19\u00a0 \u4f46\u73fe\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u6b78\u56de\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u4e5f\u5f9e\u88ab\u5206\u6563\u5c45\u4f4f\u4e4b\u5730\u6b78\u56de\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u8036\u8def\u6492\u51b7\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u8056\u6bbf\u7684\u6240\u5728\u5730\uff1b\u4ed6\u5011\u4e5f\u4f54\u9818\u4e86\u5c71\u5730\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u90a3\u88e1\u7121\u4eba\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>17\u00a0 As long as they did not sin against their God they prospered, for the God who hates iniquity is with them.<\/p>\n<p>18\u00a0 But when they departed from the way he had prescribed for them, they were utterly defeated in many battles and were led away captive to a foreign land.\u00a0 The temple of their God was razed to the ground, and their towns were occupied by their enemies.<\/p>\n<p>19\u00a0 But now they have returned to their God, and have come back from the places where they were scattered, and have occupied Jerusalem, where their sanctuary is, and have settled in the hill country, because it was uninhabited<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u300a\u6731\u8fea\u65af\u66f8\u300bJudith 5:17-19; \u53c2\u8003\u540c\u66f8also see 4:1-5\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Seifrid\u6839\u64da\u8fd9\u9019\u4e9b\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u8b49\u64da\u4f5c\u9019\u6a23\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u6642\u671f\u7684\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u597d\u50cf\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u7406\u8ad6\u6240\u8981\u6c42\u6211\u5011\u76f8\u4fe1\u7684\uff0c\u610f\u8b58\u5230\u4ed6\u5011\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u88ab\u653e\u9010\u7684\uff1f\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0d\u6e05\u695a\u3002\u300f\u518d\u8005\uff0c\u7576\u6211\u5011\u67e5\u8003\u4fdd\u7f85\u8b1b\u5230\u4ed6\u4fe1\u4e3b\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6642\uff08\u300a\u8153\u7acb\u6bd4\u66f8\u300b3:4-6\uff09\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5426\u89ba\u5f97\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5c6c\u65bc\u53d7\u82e6\uff0c\u88ab\u653e\u9010\u7684\u570b\u5bb6\u7684\u4eba\uff1f\u4ed6\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u5f85\u5728\u5916\u90a6\u5217\u570b\u9762\u524d\u7372\u5f97\u4f38\u51a4\uff1f\u9019\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e00\u5b57\u4e0d\u63d0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Based upon this and other evidence Seifrid concludes that, \u201cit is not all clear, therefore, that there was a widespread sense among Jews of Paul\u2019s day that Israel remained in exile in the way that this theory demands.\u201d Moreover, when one surveys Paul\u2019s statements about his pre-conversion life (Phil. 3:4-6), he mentions nothing that leads us to believe that he was part of a nation suffering in exile and looking for vindication before the Gentile nations.\u201d (Seifrid, <em>Christ,<\/em> 23-25.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u5fc5\u9808\u8cea\u7591\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a\u7a31\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u8ab0\u662f\u5c6c\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One must also challenge the notion that justification is the eschatological definition of who belongs to the covenant people.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u5c6c\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u5c6c\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u4e8b\uff1b\u4e0d\u662f\u8ad6\u5230\u5f97\u6551\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u8ad6\u5230\u6559\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n<p>As we have seen, Wright contends that justification is not so much about soteriology as it is about ecclesiology, not so much about salvation as about the church.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u82e5\u8981\u5f9e\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u6240\u8a34\u8af8\u7684\u7d93\u6587\u53bb\u627e\u51fa\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5247\u975e\u5e38\u727d\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yet, one has to force Wright\u2019s understanding of justification upon the standard passages of Scripture to which one might appeal to define justification.<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff0c\u9019\u5c31\u7b97\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u7fa9\u300f\uff08\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:3\uff09\u6642\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u5805\u6301\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u300e\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>First, when Paul states that \u201cAbraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness\u201d (Rom. 4:3), Wright argues that righteousness means covenant membership.\u00a0 (Wright,<em> Romans<\/em>, 490-91.)<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u5df2\u7d93\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u82e5\u8aaa\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u300f\uff0c\u5f9e\u89e3\u7d93\u4f86\u770b\u662f\u6c92\u6709\u6839\u64da\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>As we have seen above, however, defining righteousness as covenant membership is exegetically indefensible.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u4e5f\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u7576\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u7684\u5fbd\u7ae0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright similarly contends that when Abraham believed God his faith was a badge of his covenant membership. (Wright, <em>Romans<\/em>, 492.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC <\/strong><strong>\u6279\u5224\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC Response<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u932f\uff0c\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u80af\u5b9a\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4f46\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u626e\u6f14\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u662f\u5c6c\u65bc\u7d04\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u7684\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p>While members of the covenant certainly possess faith in Christ, Paul does not attribute to faith the role of a sign of covenant membership.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5c6c\u65bc\u65b0\u7d04\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\u4e0d\u662f\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff08\u9019\u662f\u8cf4\u7279\u6240\u5805\u6301\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u6d17\u79ae\uff1b\u6d17\u79ae\u53d6\u4ee3\u4e86\u5272\u79ae\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The new covenant boundary marker is not faith, as Wright contends, but baptism, which has replaced circumcision (Col. 2:11-12).<\/p>\n<p>(See J.V. Fesko, \u201cN.T. Wright and the Sign of the Covenant,\u201d <em>Scottish Bulletin of Evangelical Theology <\/em>25 (2005), 30-39.)<\/p>\n<p>\u5176\u6b21\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u5f9e\u4f86\u5c31\u6709\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u7d04\u7684\u8a18\u865f\u662f\u9694\u79ae\u9084\u662f\u6d17\u79ae\uff1b\u9019\u662f\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:11 \u548c\u300a\u5e0c\u4f2f\u4f86\u66f8\u300b\u7b2c11\u7ae0\u6e05\u695a\u8aaa\u660e\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Second, God\u2019s people have <em>always<\/em> possessed faith, regardless of the covenant signs of circumcision or baptism, as Rom. 4:11 and Heb. 11 make abundantly clear.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u8a66\u5716\u5f9e\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\uff08\u800c\u4e0d\u5f9e\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\uff09\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u89e3\u91cb\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:1-8\uff0c\u610f\u5373\uff1a\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u4f5c\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u6b78\u7b97\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u9806\u670d\uff1b\u5f8c\u8005\u662f\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u89e3\u8b80\u3002\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u5617\u8a66\uff0c\u5f9e\u5169\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5931\u6557\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s attempts, therefore, to read Romans 4:1-8 in terms of ecclesiology rather than soteriology, that is, that righteousness is covenant membership rather than the imputed obedience of Christ, as it has traditionally been read, fail on at least these two fronts.<\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u300e\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u4f5c\u70ba\uff0c\u51fa\u65bc\u7942\u767d\u767d\u7684\u6069\u5178, \u7531\u6b64\u800c\u8d66\u514d\u6211\u5011\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u4e26\u6085\u7d0d\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u7fa9\u4eba\uff0c\u9019\u50c5\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7fa9\u6b78\u65bc\u6211\u5011\uff0c\u4e14\u60df\u7368\u7528\u4fe1\u5fc3\u624d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7684\u3002\u300f\uff08\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5c0f\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\uff0c33\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is \u201can act of God\u2019s free grace, wherein he pardoneth all our sins, and accepteth us as righteous in his sight, only for the righteousness of Christ imputed to us, and received by faith alone\u201d (WSC 33).<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u5728\u672c\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u4e0b\u6587\u4ed4\u7d30\u63a2\u7d22\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We will explore the nature of the doctrine of justification in greater detail below.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5efa\u7acb\u597d\u5b57\u8a5e\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u57fa\u2014\u2014\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\uff0c\u548c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u2014\u2014\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u7e7c\u7e8c\u524d\u9032\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>With these matters of definition established, namely righteousness, works of the law, and justification, we may move forward to critique the NPP\u2019s understanding of justification proper.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u958b\u59cb\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u6210\u5206\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u5168\u90e8\uff09\u5728\u4e4e\u5c0d\u9019\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u7684\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We are beginning to see that the doctrine of justification largely, though not exclusively, hinges upon the proper definition of these key terms.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u82e5\u662f\u6307\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u82e5\u662f\u6307\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u8001\u820a\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u5fbd\u7ae0\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff1a\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u8ab0\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>If righteousness is covenant membership, and works of the law are its old badges of membership for the people of God, then the NPP is correct \u2013 justification is about the definition of who belongs to the people of God.<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u300e\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u6a19\u6e96\u300f\uff0c\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6216\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\u5c0d\u9075\u5b88\u9019\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u9075\u5b88\u5f8b\u6cd5\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u95dc\u4e4e\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>If, however, righteousness is adherence to a moral standard, and works of the law are the attempt by Jew or Gentile to adhere to that moral standard, that is, the law, by obedience, then justification is about soteriology.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u6307\u51fa\u8db3\u5920\u7684\u89e3\u7d93\u8b49\u64da\uff0c\u4f86\u62d2\u7d55\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5c0d\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff1b\u9019\u5c0d\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u6027\uff0c\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u5f71\u97ff\u3002\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u9084\u662f\u9700\u8981\u524d\u9032\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u6279\u5224\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We have seen enough exegetical evidence to reject the NPP\u2019s understanding of its key definitions, which will have an impact upon the tenability of its doctrine of justification.\u00a0 Let us, nevertheless, move forward so we may critique its understanding of the doctrine of justification.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>VI. \u6279\u5224\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5c0d\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CRITIQUE OF THE NEW PERSPECTIVES ON PAUL AND ITS UNDERSTANDING OF PAUL\u2019S DOCTRINE OF JUSTIFICATION.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u6211\u5011\u70ba\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u4f5c\u521d\u6b65\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u7e31\u89bd\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7126\u9ede\u662f\u8cf4\u7279\uff08\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\u5176\u4ed6\u5b78\u8005\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In our initial survey of the NPP\u2019s understanding of Paul\u2019s doctrine of justification we focused largely, though not exclusively, upon N.T. Wright.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u6307\u51fa\u4e09\u500b\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7bc4\u7587\uff0c\u662f\u8207\u4fdd\u7f85\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u6709\u95dc\u7684\uff1a\u7d04\uff0c\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u548c\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright, as we saw, identifies three major categories that he sees connected with justification in Paul: covenant, law-court, and eschatology.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u66f4\u770b\u898b\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u5206\u70ba\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u548c\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u5169\u500b\u7bc4\u7587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, we also saw that Wright divides justification into present and future categories.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5148\u4f86\u6aa2\u8996\u8cf4\u7279\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u500b\u7bc4\u7587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We should first survey the three categories that Wright proposes.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u76df\u7d04<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>COVENANT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5805\u7a31\uff0c\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u8207\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c0d\u7d04\u5185\u6db5\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u932f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright is correct to state that justification for Paul is covenantal.\u00a0 He is incorrect, however, in his understanding of the substance of the covenant.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u6c0f\u5805\u6301\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u4e0d\u53ef\u8a8d\u70ba\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\u5c31\u662f\u5341\u516d\uff0c\u5341\u4e03\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8056\u7d04\u795e\u5b78\uff1b\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u4e43\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright insists that one must understand by the category of covenant not the sixteenth and seventeenth century covenant theology but the worldview of first century Judaism.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173176\u3002\u6211\u5011\u61f7\u7591\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u600e\u80fd\u9019\u9ebd\u8f15\u7387\u5730\u5c31\u6383\u9664\u7d93\u5178\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u8056\u7d04\u795e\u5b78\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5c0d\u9019\u984c\u76ee\u7121\u77e5\u3002\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u6c92\u6709\u8b80\u904e\u7684\u6771\u897f\uff0c\u600e\u80fd\u7d55\u5c0d\u4e0d\u7406\u776c\uff1f\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Footnote 176. See Wright, <em>Climax<\/em>, p. 17.\u00a0 One wonders how Wright can so easily sweep away classic Reformed covenant theology when he has admitted his own ignorance on the subject (see Wright, <em>Fresh Perspective<\/em>, 13).\u00a0 How can one categorically dismiss what he has not read?)<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5728\u7b49\u5019\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f86\u5be6\u73fe\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u6240\u61c9\u8a31\u7684\uff0c\u7d04\u4e2d\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u900f\u904e\u547c\u53ec\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5df2\u547c\u53ec\u4e86\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u8981\u4f5c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7d04\u6c11\uff0c\u7d71\u6cbb\u5217\u570b\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u70ba\u4e16\u754c\u4f38\u5f35\u516c\u7fa9\uff08put the world to rights\uff09\u3002 \u2026 \u6211\u5011\u80af\u5b9a\u4e0d\u8981\u5426\u8a8d\uff0c\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u5728\u6551\u8d16\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6240\u626e\u6f14\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u89d2\u8272\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u7a31\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u70ba\u300e\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u7684\u5152\u5b50\uff08\u5f8c\u88d4\uff09\u300f\uff08\u300a\u52a0\u62c9\u592a\u66f8\u300b3:7\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In other words, Israel was looking for the fulfillment of the covenant promises that God made to Abraham. God had called Israel through the call to Abraham, they were to be his covenant people, rule the nations, and put the world to rights.\u00a0 (Wright, <em>People of God<\/em>, 335.)\u00a0 One surely does not want to deny the vital role that Abraham plays in redemptive history; Paul calls the people of God \u201csons of Abraham\u201d (Gal. 3:7).<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8cea\u554f\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5426\u597d\u50cf\u8cf4\u7279\u90a3\u6a23\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u548c\u7d04\u9023\u63a5\u8d77\u4f86\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Yet, one must ask whether Paul, for example, couches the doctrine of justification covenantally as Wright argues.<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5426\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\u8655\u5883\u7684\u6240\u8b02\u300e\u5c0d\u7d04\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u300f\u4f86\u8b1b\u8ff0\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\uff1f\u9084\u662f\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5ee3\u95ca\u7684\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u7684\u8655\u5883\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Does Paul articulate the doctrine of justification in the context of the so-called covenantal understanding of first century Judaism, or is there a broader covenantal context?<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u7136\uff0c\u7b54\u6848\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f9e\u4e00\u500b\u66f4\u5ee3\u7684\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u7684\u8655\u5883\u4f86\u770b\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The answer, of course, is that Paul sees justification in a broader covenantal context.<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u4e26\u4e0d\u50c5\u8207\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u8a2d\u7acb\uff1b\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e5f\u4e0d\u8b93\u4ed6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5011\u50c5\u50c5\u6ce8\u8996\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u548c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u6b77\u53f2\u4e4b\u9593\u7684\u8ab2\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The covenant does not simply extend to Abraham, nor does Paul fix the reader\u2019s gaze upon issues that center upon Israel\u2019s relationship to first century history.<\/p>\n<p>\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f9e\u6700\u5ee3\u95ca\uff0c\u6db5\u84cb\u842c\u7269\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u8b93\u4ed6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5011\u6ce8\u8996\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u5168\u4eba\u985e\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u50c5\u50c5\u5982\u4f55\u5c0d\u5f85\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u3002\u4e0a\u5e1d\u900f\u904e\u9996\u5148\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u548c\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u4f86\u8655\u7406\u4eba\u985e\uff1a\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u7d04\u300f\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u73fe\u5be6\u3002\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u6703\u8b70\u7a31\u5b83\u5011\u70ba\u300e\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\u300f\u8207\u300e\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u7d04\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Rather, most comprehensively Paul fixes the reader\u2019s gaze upon the covenant historical realities of God\u2019s dealings with mankind, not just Israel, in the first and last Adams, dealings that the Westminster divines have called the covenants of works and grace.<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u8996\u91ce\u6bd4\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u5ee3\u95ca\u7684\u591a\uff1a\u8b49\u64da\u5728\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u7d2f\u7a4d\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u8b49\u64da\u4f86\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Paul\u2019s outlook is much broader than first century Israel, which is manifest in the evidence that Paul marshals to make his case.<\/p>\n<p>\u6885\u6b3d\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u5f88\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u6b78\u4e3b\u4e4b\u5f8c\uff0c\u8981\u627e\u8b49\u64da\u8aaa\u660e\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6027\u6642\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8f49\u5230\u7576\u4ee3\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8a34\u8af8\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3002\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u6b63\u5982\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u4e8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e26\u4e0d\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u767c\u5c55\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\uff08\u820a\u7d04\uff09\u5148\u77e5\u66f8\u548c\u8a69\u7bc7\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u4e0a\u3002\u300f\uff08\u300a\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u300b\uff0c\u9801180\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<ol start=\"180\">\n<li>Gresham Machen observes, for example, \u201cIt is significant that when, after the conversion Paul seeks testimonies to the universal sinfulness of man, he looks not to contemporary Judaism, but to the Old Testament. At this point, as elsewhere, Paulinism is based not upon later developments but upon the religion of the Prophets and the Psalms.\u201d (Machen, <em>Origin of Paul\u2019s Religion<\/em>, 180.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f88\u516c\u5141\u7684\u8aaa\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u5b8c\u5168\u53ea\u5f15\u7528\u300a\u820a\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u8655\u5f15\u7528\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u6587\u737b\u3002\u300f(Ellis)<\/p>\n<p>It is fair to say that Paul cites the OT exclusively and nowhere cites the literature of first century Judaism.<\/p>\n<p>(Ellis, <em>Paul\u2019s Use of the OT<\/em>, 10-37; see also Ridderbos, <em>Redemptive History<\/em>, 17.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u4fdd\u7f85\u591a\u6b21\u8a34\u8af8\u5148\u524d\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e9e\u7576\uff08\u7f855:12-19\uff1b\u6797\u524d15:22, 45\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u8996\u4ec0\u9ebd\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u6575\u4eba\uff08\u5982\uff1a\u7f85\u99ac\u5e1d\u570b\uff09\u70ba\u5a01\u8105\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\u5730\uff0c\u6575\u4eba\u4e43\u662f\u6492\u4f46\uff0c\u7f6a\uff0c\u548c\u6b7b\uff08\u52753:15\uff1b\u53c2\u8003\u7f8516:20\uff1b\u6797\u524d15:54-58\uff09\u3002\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e9e\u7576\u4f7f\u4e16\u754c\u670d\u5728\u6492\u4f46\uff0c\u7f6a\u548c\u6b7b\u7684\u6b0a\u52e2\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e9e\u7576\u628a\u767e\u59d3\u5f9e\u9019\u4e09\u91cd\u4e0d\u8056\u6f54\u806f\u76df\u7684\u7d71\u6cbb\u9818\u51fa\uff0c\u5e36\u9032\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u570b\u5ea6\uff08\u897f1:13-14\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, as is evident from Paul\u2019s repeated appeals to the first and second Adams (Rom. 5:12-19; I Cor. 15:22, 45), Paul does not see any first century enemy, such as the Roman Empire, as the great threat but instead the enemies are Satan, sin, and death (Gen. 3:15; cf. Rom. 16:20; I Cor. 15:54-58).\u00a0 It was the first Adam who brought the world under the dominion of Satan, sin, an death, and it is the second Adam who brings people out from under the dominion of this unholy triumvirate and into the kingdom of God (Col. 1:13-14).<\/p>\n<p>\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u6559\u6703\u90fd\u5c07\u5f9e\u300e\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\u300f\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u67b6\u69cb\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u9019\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5373\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e9e\u7576\u5728\u884c\u70ba\u4e0a\u7684\u5931\u6557\uff1b\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u7d04\uff1b\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e9e\u7576\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u884c\u70ba\uff08\u9806\u670d\uff09\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u7ae0\uff1b\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5927\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u7b2c20, 30-35\u554f\uff1b\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5c0f\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u7b2c12, 20\u554f\uff09\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u5011\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u540c\u610f\u8aaa\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u76df\u7d04\u6709\u95dc\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u5f9e\u5185\u5bb9\u4f86\u770b\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u662f\u5f9e\u4eba\u9055\u80cc\u4e86\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\uff0c\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u900f\u904e\u6069\u5178\u4e4b\u7d04\u6210\u5168\u4e86\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\u4f86\u6559\u5c0e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u5426\u5c0d\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u8b70\u984c\u6709\u8208\u8da3\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u540c\u610fEarle Ellis\u7684\u770b\u6cd5\uff1a\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u82e5\u662f\u4ed6\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u4e00\u4efd\u5b50\uff0c\u4ed6\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u5c31\u662f\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\u7684\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u548c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\uff0c\u662f\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\u555f\u793a\u4e86\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u771f\u7fa9\u7684\u6642\u4ee3\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u9580\u5f92\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u8fe6\u746a\u7565\u7684\u9580\u751f\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>Historically, within the Reformed tradition these biblical categories have been placed under the theological constructs of the covenant of works, the failed work of the first Adam, and the covenant of grace, the faithful work of the second Adam (WCF 7; WLC 20, 30-35; WSC 12, 20).\u00a0 Therefore, we can formally agree with Wright that justification is covenantal.\u00a0 We must, however, disagree with him materially because the NT sees justification in terms of the broken covenant of works and the work of Christ through the covenant of grace.\u00a0 We can agree with Earle Ellis on the question of whether Paul was interested in first century questions, \u201cIf he was a \u2018child of his times,\u2019 they were for Paul the times of the Messiah, His Cross, and resurrection, and His revelation of the true meaning of Scripture.\u00a0 Paul was a disciple of Chris not of Gamaliel.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Ellis, <em>Paul\u2019s Use of the OT<\/em>, 83.)<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u6cd5\u5ead\u7528\u8a5e<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>LAW COURT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u89e3\u91cb\u7a31\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5805\u6301\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0a\uff0c\u6216\u6cd5\u5ead\u88e1\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\u3002\u6211\u5011\u518d\u6b21\u5728\u8868\u9762\u4e0a\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u540c\u610f\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5728\u5185\u6db5\u4e0a\u5fc5\u9808\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u5206\u9053\u63da\u9573\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In Wright\u2019s understanding of justification he correctly argues that justification is forensic or law-court language. Again, we are in formal agreement with such an assessment but must register significant material disagreement.<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u300e\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6709\u5169\u500b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u300e\u65b9\u5411\u300f\uff0c\u548c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u672c\u8cea\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u8a8d\u70ba\u5728\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u81ea\u5df1\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u6cd5\u5b98\uff1b\u4f5c\u60e1\u7684\u4eba\uff08\u5373\uff1a\u5916\u90a6\u4eba\uff0c\u548c\u53db\u9053\u7684\u7336\u592a\u4eba\uff09\u5fc5\u81f3\u7d42\u88ab\u5be9\u5224\uff0c\u53d7\u61f2\u7f70\uff1b\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u767e\u59d3\uff08\u5373\uff1a\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u662f\u771f\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u4eba\uff09\u5fc5\u88ab\u8b49\u5be6\u70ba\u7fa9\u8005\u3002\u300f\uff08\u8cf4\u7279\uff0c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u795e\u5b78\u8a5e\u5178\u300b\uff0c\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6821\u5712\u51fa\u7248\u793e\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>There are two elements that feature in Wright\u2019s understanding of the law-court: (1) its orientation, and (2) its nature. Wright argues, for example, that in first century Judaism \u201cGod himself was seen as the judge; evildoers (i.e., the Gentiles, and renegade Jews) would finally be judged and punished; God\u2019s faithful people (i.e., Israel, or at least the true Israelites) would be vindicated.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, Saint Paul, 118; also idem, \u201cJustification,\u201d in <em>New Dictionary of Theology<\/em>, eds. Sinclair Ferguson, David F. Wright, and J.I. Packer (Downers Grove: Inter Varsity, 1988), 359.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u65e2\u7136\u4ee5\u9019\u500b\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5426\u8a8d\u7a31\u7fa9\u88e1\u6709\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u3002\u4ed6\u9019\u6a23\u4f86\u8ad6\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5ead\u88e1\u7684\u88ab\u544a\u8005\u8207\u63a7\u65b9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>With this understanding of the Jewish law-court, Wright also rejects the idea of the imputation of righteousness in justification.\u00a0 Wright states concerning the defendant and the plaintiff,<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u5c08\u696d\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u63a7\u65b9\u548c\u88ab\u544a\u5169\u8005\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u6cd5\u5ead\u652f\u6301\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u6709\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5c31\u662f\u9019\u6a23\uff0c\u4e0d\u591a\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5c11\u3002 \u2026 \u6211\u5011\u82e5\u7528\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u82e5\u8aaa\u6cd5\u5b98\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7fa9\u6b78\u7b97\uff0c\u8d08\u9001\uff0c\u6216\u7576\u4f5c\u907a\u7522\u7559\u7d66\u63a7\u65b9\u6216\u88ab\u544a\uff0c\u662f\u5b8c\u5168\u8aaa\u4e0d\u901a\u7684\u3002\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u7269\u4ef6\uff0c\u7269\u8cea\u6216\u6c23\u9ad4\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Within the technical language of the law court, \u2018righteous\u2019 means, for these two persons, the <em>status they have when the court finds in their favor<\/em>.\u00a0 Nothing more, nothing less. \u2026 \u00a0If we use the language of the law court, it makes no sense whatever to say that the judge imputes, imparts, bequeaths, conveys or otherwise transfers his righteousness to either the plaintiff or the defendant.\u00a0 Righteousness is not an object, a substance or a gas which can be passed across the courtroom. (Wright, <em>Saint Paul<\/em>, 98.)<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5169\u9805\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\uff08\u4e00\uff09\u95dc\u65bc\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u53d6\u5411\uff0c\u548c\uff08\u4e8c\uff09\u5426\u8a8d\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\uff0c\u57fa\u672c\u4e0a\u6709\u9055\u8207\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u5c0d\u7a31\u7fa9\u9019\u500b\u5c64\u9762\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>These two assertions concerning the direction of the law court and the rejection of imputation are fundamentally at odds with the historical Reformed understanding of this aspect of justification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u6279\u5224\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC CRITIQUE:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8cea\u7591\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u767e\u59d3\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u4f38\u51a4\u300f\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u300a\u65b0\u7d04\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u628a\u6cd5\u5ead\u5be9\u5224\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u9762\u5411\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\u662f\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5be9\u5224\u53f0\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1a\u300e\u6240\u4ee5\u51e1\u6709\u8840\u6c23\u7684\uff0c\u6c92\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u56e0\u884c\u5f8b\u6cd5\u80fd\u5728\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9762\u524d\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u5f8b\u6cd5\u672c\u662f\u53eb\u4eba\u77e5\u7f6a\u300f\uff08\u7f853:20\uff1b\u53c2\u8003\u52a03:11\uff09\u3002\u6839\u64da\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u6559\u5c0e\uff0c\u4eba\u82e5\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u5247\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\uff1a\u300e\u6211\u5011\u65e2\u56e0\u4fe1\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u5c31\u85c9\u7740\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4e3b\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u5f97\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u76f8\u548c\u300f\uff08\u7f855:1\uff09\u3002\u300e\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u9762\u524d\u5f97\u5230\u4f38\u51a4\u300f\u7684\u6839\u64da\u662f\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\u5f92\u8a8d\u70ba\u81ea\u5df1\u4ecd\u5728\u88ab\u64c4\u4e2d\uff0c\u800c\u9019\u500b\u89c0\u5ff5\u662f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u8cea\u7591\u7684\uff0c\u8b49\u64da\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u5728\u65b0\u7d04\u7814\u7a76\u5b78\u8853\u7fa4\u9ad4\u4e2d\u5df2\u6709\u4f86\u81ea\u5404\u65b9\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n<p>First, one must seriously question the idea that justification is about the vindication of the people of God before the world.\u00a0 The NT does not represent the law court facing the world but rather Paul\u2019s concern is seeking justification before the tribunal of God: \u201cFor by works of the law no human being will be justified in his sight, since through the law comes knowledge of sin\u201d (Rom. 3:20; cf. Gal. 3:11). According to Paul the one who has been justified has peace with God: \u201cTherefore, since we have bene justified by faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ\u201d (Rom. 5:1). The element of vindication before the world is also based on the specious claims that first century Judaism considered itself in exile, an idea lacking sufficient evidence that has been criticized from multiple corners of the NT guild.<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u5426\u8a8d\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u662f\u6839\u64da\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u9019\u9805\u5ba3\u7a31\u4e5f\u975e\u5e38\u503c\u5f97\u8cea\u7591\u3002Seifrid\u9019\u6a23\u89e3\u91cb\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Second, regarding Wright\u2019s rejection of imputation based on the Jewish law court model, one should again question this assertion. Seifrid explains:<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u4e0a\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u300e\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u5c31\u5e36\u81ea\u5df1\u8d70\u932f\u8def\u4e86\u3002\u8cf4\u6c0f\u4f3c\u4e4e\u6c92\u6709\u7559\u610f\u6709\u95dc\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u5c31\u5efa\u69cb\u4ed6\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b1:17\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u986f\u793a\u7942\u7684\u7fa9\u6642\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u300a\u8a69\u7bc7\u300b98:1-3\uff0c\u4ed6\u9019\u6a23\u505a\u662f\u6839\u64da\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u4e00\u76f4\u4f86\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\u3002\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u8655\u8655\u5ba3\u7a31\uff0c\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u671f\u5f85\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6709\u4e00\u5929\u5fc5\u8a2d\u7acb\u7942\u7684\u516c\u7fa9\u3002\u9019\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5728\u672c\u8cea\u4e0a\u662f\u4e00\u9805\u7d66\u4e16\u4eba\u7684\u79ae\u7269\u3002\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u300e\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u7684\u62bd\u8c61\u6a21\u5f0f\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u5ffd\u8996\u4e86\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5341\u5b57\u67b6\u548c\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff1b\u6839\u64da\u4fdd\u7f85\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u6b7b\u8207\u5fa9\u6d3b\u69cb\u6210\u4ed6\u7684\u798f\u97f3\u88e1\u6240\u5ba3\u544a\u7684\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff1b\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u8b02\u7684\u300e\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>At this point Wright is led astray by his model of the \u2018Jewish law court,\u2019 which he seems to have created without much attention to the relevant biblical texts.\u00a0 When Paul echoes Psalm 98:1-3 in his announcement of the revelation of God\u2019s righteousness in Rom. 1:17, he takes up the biblical tradition which expressed Israel\u2019s hope for the establishment of God\u2019s justice.\u00a0 By its very nature such justice is a gift to the world.\u00a0 Wright\u2019s abstract model of the \u2018court\u2019 likewise overlooks Christ\u2019s cross and resurrection which, according to Paul, constitutes the justifying element \u2013 the \u2018law-court\u2019 so to speak \u2013 announced in his gospel.<\/p>\n<p>(Seifrid, \u201cPaul\u2019s Use of Righteousness Language,\u201d 66-67.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6839\u64da\u9019\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u82e5\u8aaa\u7684\u5c0d\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u82e5\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f49\u79fb\u7d66\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u90a3\u4e9b\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u4eba\u300e\u53d7\u6d2a<\/p>\n<p>\u6069\u53c8\u8499\u6240\u8cdc\u4e4b\u7fa9\u300f\uff08\u7f855:17\uff1b\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u5f172, 8\uff09\uff0c\u53c8\u662f\u4ec0\u9ebd\u610f\u601d\uff1f\u5176\u5be6\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8207\u8cf4\u7279<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8a8d\u70ba\uff0c\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\uff0c\u8f49\u9001\u5230\u53e6\u4e00\u500b\u89d2\u843d\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Along these lines, if Wright is correct in his assertion that righteousness is something that cannot be transferred, then what does Paul mean when he writes that those who are justified \u201creceive the abundance of grace and the free gift of righteousness\u201d (Rom. 5:17; cf. Eph. 2:8)?\u00a0 Paul, contrary to Wright, thinks that righteousness is something that can be passed across the courtroom.<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u6703\u53cd\u99c1\u8aaa\uff1a\u8cf4\u7279\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u81f3\u7d42\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4ed6\u5c0d\u4e00\u4e9b\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u7d93\u6587\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b5:21\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Some might counter that Wright\u2019s rejection of imputation is not solely based upon his abstract model of the law court but ultimately upon his understanding of key biblical texts, such as 2 Cor. 5:21.<\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC<\/strong><strong>\u56de\u61c9\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC RESPONSE:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u96d6\u7136\u70ba\u4ed6\u5426\u8a8d\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u63d0\u51fa\u89e3\u7d93\u4e0a\u7684\u652f\u6301\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u8aaa\u670d\u529b\u3002\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u9019\u500b\u540d\u8a5e\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u5728\u5728\u5f71\u97ff\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b5:21\u602a\u7570\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>While Wright has put forth exegetical support for his rejection of imputation, it is less than convincing. Wright\u2019s definition of the term righteousness, for example, colors his rather idiosyncratic exegesis of 2 Cor. 5:21.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173184\uff0c\u5f15\u7528\u591a\u672c\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b\u5b78\u8853\u6027\u6ce8\u91cb\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Footnote 184. For more responsible exegesis of 2 Cor. 5:21 see:<\/p>\n<p>C.K. Barrett, <em>The Second Epistle to the Corinthians<\/em>, BNTC, Peabody: Hendrikson, 1973), 179;<\/p>\n<p>M.D. Hooker, \u201cInterchange in Christ,\u201d <em>Journal of Theological Studies<\/em> 22 (1971), 349;<\/p>\n<p>Murray J. Harris, <em>The Second Epistle to the Corinthians<\/em>, NIGTC (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005), 455-56, n. 207;<\/p>\n<p>G.K. Beale, \u201cThe Old Testament Background of Reconciliation in 2 Cor 5-7 and its Bearing on the Literary Problem of 2 Cor 6:14-7:1,\u201d New Testament Studies 35 (1989), 559-560;<\/p>\n<p>Similarly, Seyoon Kim, \u201c2 Cor 5:11-21 and the Origins of Paul\u2019s Conception of Reconciliation,\u201d <em>Novum Testamentum<\/em> 39 (1997), 376, 380, 383.)<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173184\u5b8c\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5805\u7a31\uff0c\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\u300e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4f7f\u90a3\u7121\u7f6a\uff08\u4e0d\u77e5\u7f6a\uff09\u7684\uff0c\u66ff\u6211\u5011\u6210\u70ba\u7f6a\uff0c\u597d\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u5728\u7942\u88e1\u9762\u6210\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u300f\u6642\uff08\u6797\u5f8c5:21\uff09\uff0c\u300e\u6210\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u7fa9\u300f\u610f\u5373\u300e\u6210\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b88\u7d04\u5fe0\u8aa0\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>He argues that when Paul writes, \u201cFor our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God,\u201d the phrase, \u201cbecome the righteousness of God,\u201d means \u201cbecome the covenant faithfulness of God.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(N.T. Wright, \u201cOn Becoming the Righteousness of God: 2 Cor 5:21,\u201d in <em>Pauline Theology<\/em>, vol. 2, <em>1 and 2 Corinthians<\/em>, ed. David M. Hay (Atlanta: SBL, 2002), 200-08.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff08\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u5b88\u7d04\u5fe0\u8aa0\uff09\u82e5\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\uff08\u800c\u6211\u5011\u5df2\u7d93\u8b49\u660e\u662f\u932f\u8aa4\uff09\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u4ed6\u5c0d\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b5:21\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u5c31\u7ad9\u4e0d\u4f4f\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>If Wright\u2019s definition of righteousness as covenant faithfulness is in error, which we have demonstrated above that it is, then his interpretation of 2 Cor 5:21 fails.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173186\uff1a\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u50b3\u7d71\u4e00\u76f4\u4ee5\u4f86\u90fd\u5f9e\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u95dc\u9375\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u52a0\u723e\u6587\uff0c\u591a\u7279\u6703\u8b70\uff0c\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u7684\u8056\u7d93\u6ce8\u91cb\u7b49\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>(Footnote 186: The Reformed tradition has hinged its understanding of justification upon the doctrine of imputation.\u00a0 See, e.g., John Calvin, <em>2 Corinthians and Timothy, Titus &amp; Philemon<\/em>, CNTC, trans. T.A. Smail, eds. David W. Torrance and T.F. Torrance (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960), 81-82. In the commentary produced by the Synod of Dort we read: \u201c<em>For him that knew no sin<\/em> [that is, who was free from all sin, 1 Pet 2:22] <em>has he made sin for us<\/em> [that is, a sacrifice for sin as Lev 7.2. Or sin by imputing our sins; as he is also said to have been made <em>a curse<\/em>\u00a0 Gal 3:13] that we might become righteousness of God [that is, righteousness before God. Or that the righteousness of God might be imputed to us, Rom 4:4-5] in him. [namely, Christ, in respect that we are in him, and his righteousness is imputed unto us, Rom 8:1]\u201d\u00a0 (<em>Annotations, ad loc<\/em>.). Likewise, the commentary produced by the Westminster assembly states, \u201cThat is, a sacrifice for sin, or he has imputed the sins of the world to Christ (who was most righteous and innocent himself) and has put upon him all the punishment and malediction due to us. That all the faithful may be reputed before God as holy and perfect as righteousness itself, by virtue of Christ\u2019s righteousness, which is given to them by God, and only is able to stand in his judgment. \u2026 In Christ, in regard that we are in him, and that his righteousness is imputed to us.\u00a0 <em>No nostra, nec in nobis Ita Hieronym<\/em>\u201d (<em>Annotations, ad loc.<\/em>). )<\/p>\n<p>\u6709\u95dc\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b5:12-19\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5c0d\u300e\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7d93\u6587\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u662f\uff1a\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u628a\u4e9e\u7576\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u5e73\u8861\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8abf\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u7f6a\u56e0\u70ba\u67d0\u7a2e\u539f\u56e0\u7275\u9023\u4e86\u5f8c\u4f86\u7684\u4eba\u985e\uff08\u82e5\u6301\u9019\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u4e26\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u540c\u6642\u5c0d\u7f6a\u7684\u50b3\u905e\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u67d0\u4e00\u500b\u7406\u8ad6\uff09\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>Concerning Rom. 5:12-19, the <em>locus classicus<\/em> for the doctrine of imputation, Wright argues that \u201cPaul\u2019s parallel between Adam and Christ, emphasizing the primal sin as somehow involving all subsequent humanity (it is not necessary, to hold this view, to espouse along with it any particular theory of the mode by which sin is then transmitted).\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, Romans, 526; cf. Cornelius P. Venema, \u201cN.T. Wright on Romans 5:12-21 and Justification,\u201d <em>Mid-America Journal of Theology<\/em> 16 (2005), 29-81.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u500b\u554f\u984c\uff1a\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u82e5\u5c0d\u7f6a\u7684\u50b3\u905e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e26\u4e0d\u95dc\u6ce8\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u8981\u8a2d\u7acb\u4e9e\u7576\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1f\u4fdd\u7f85\u6839\u64da\u4ec0\u9ebd\u4f86\u8aaa\uff0c\u7576\u4e9e\u7576\u72af\u7f6a\u6642\uff0c\u773e\u4eba\u90fd\u72af\u4e86\u7f6a\uff1f\u4e9e\u7576\u5176\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u670d\u5728\u6b7b\u7684\u6b0a\u52e2\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u96e3\u7406\u89e3\u7684\uff1a\u56e0\u4ed6\u72af\u4e86\u7f6a\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6b7b\uff0c\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u50b3\u53ca\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u5462\uff1f\u4fdd\u7f85\u6e05\u695a\u7684\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u56e0\u70ba\u773e\u4eba\u90fd\u72af\u4e86\u7f6a\u300f\uff08\u7f855:12\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yet, one must ask, why then does Paul set up the parallel between Adam and Christ if he is not interested in the manner of transmission of sin?\u00a0 How can Paul say that when Adam sinned, all sinned? There is little trouble in understanding how Adam is subject to death: he sinned.\u00a0 But why does death spread to mankind?\u00a0 Paul answers quite succinctly, \u201cBecause all sinned.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u6beb\u4e0d\u542b\u7cca\u5730\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1a\u56e0\u70ba\u4e9e\u7576\u4e00\u4eba\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u6b7b\u7684\u6b0a\u52e2\u81e8\u5230\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u3002\u9019\u572812\u7bc0\u975e\u5e38\u660e\u986f\u3002\u6211\u5011\u82e5\u6bd4\u8f03\u300e\u7f6a\u662f\u5f9e\u4e00\u4eba\u5165\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u300f\u548c18\u7bc0\u300e\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u904e\u72af\u300f\u548c19\u7bc0\u300e\u4e00\u4eba\u7684\u6096\u9006\u300f\uff0c\u5c31\u6e05\u695a\u770b\u5230\u3002\uff08\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u7d04\u7ff0\u6155\u7406\uff0c\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u4eba\u66f8\u6ce8\u91cb\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Paul with unmistakable clarity asserts that the universal reign of death rests upon the sin of the one man Adam.\u00a0 This is evident in v. 12 when we compare, \u201csin came into the world through one man,\u201d and what v. 18 calls, \u201cone trespass,\u201d and v. 19 calls, \u201cone man\u2019s disobedience.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(John Murray, <em>The Imputation of Adam\u2019s<\/em> <em>Sin<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959), 19-20.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8207\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u662f\u4e9e\u7576\u539f\u59cb\u7684\u7f6a\uff0c\u662f\u8207\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u7684\u7f6a\u6709\u522b\u7684\u3002\u6b63\u5982\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u54e5\u6797\u591a\u5f8c\u66f8\u300b5:21\u8a2d\u7acb\u4e00\u500b\u5e73\u8861\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ed6\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b\u7b2c\u4e94\u7ae0\u4e5f\u4f5c\u540c\u6a23\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff1a\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u7f6a\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7fa9\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff1a\u300e\u8207\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u7f6a\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u5e73\u8861\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7fa9\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u3002\u6216\u7528\u4fdd\u7f85\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff1a\u56e0\u70ba\u4e9e\u7576\u4e00\u4eba\u6096\u9006\u300e\u6210\u70ba\u7f6a\u4eba\u300f\uff0c\u8207\u900f\u904e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7fa9\u300e\u6210\u70ba\u7fa9\u300f\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u300f\uff08\u6155\u7406\uff0c\u300a\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u7f6a\u7684\u6b78\u7b97\u300b\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Contra Wright, there is no question that Paul has in mind the primal sin of Adam distinct from the sins of mankind.\u00a0 Rather, as in 2 Cor 5:21, Paul sets up a parallel, this time between the sin of Adam and the obedience of Christ: \u201cThe parallel to the imputation of Adam\u2019s sin is the imputation of Christ\u2019s righteousness.\u00a0 Or to use Paul\u2019s own terms, being \u2018constituted sinners\u2019 through the disobedience of Adam is parallel to being \u2018constituted righteous\u2019 through the obedience of Christ.\u201d<br \/>\n(Murray, <em>Imputation,<\/em> 76.)<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u70ba\u8cf4\u7279\u8a66\u5716\u53cd\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u5c0d\u300e\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u7522\u751f\u4e86\u5169\u500b\u65b0\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In Wright\u2019s attempts to reject this understanding of imputation in Paul, he seems to have created two major problems.<\/p>\n<p>\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u82e5\u5805\u6301\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e26\u6c92\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7f6a\u662f\u5982\u4f55\u50b3\u905e\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u8cf4\u6c0f\u4e0d\u50c5\u5426\u8a8d\u4fdd\u7f85\u6559\u5c0e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7fa9\u6b78\u7b97\u7d66\u4fe1\u5f92\u5011\uff0c\u4ed6\u4e5f\u5426\u8a8d\u4fdd\u7f85\u6559\u5c0e\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u7f6a\u6b78\u7b97\u4e86\u7d66\u5168\u4eba\u985e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>First, if Wright argues that Paul does not have the manner of the transmission of sin in view, then Wright does not merely deny that Paul teaches the imputation of Christ\u2019s righteousness to the believer but also that he does not teach the imputation of Adam\u2019s sin to all of mankind.<\/p>\n<p>\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u4e0d\u63a5\u53d7\u300e\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u6cd5\u5b98\u662f\u4e0d\u6703\u628a\u4efb\u4f55\u4e8b\u7269\u50b3\u7d66\u6216\u9001\u7ed9\u63a7\u65b9\u6216\u88ab\u544a\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Second, Wright rejects the idea of imputation because it does not fit the model of the Jewish law court \u2013 the judge does not communicate or impart anything to the plaintiff or defendant.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u7a2e\u7406\u89e3\u6c92\u6709\u770b\u5230\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u69ae\u8000\uff0c\u4e5f\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f4\u5ee3\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yet, this understanding fails to see the grandeur of justification and more broadly our redemption as taught by Paul.<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u932f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u60f3\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u6642\uff0c\u7684\u78ba\u6703\u60f3\u5230\u300e\u6cd5\u5ead\u300f\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u8ad6\u9ede\u537b\u8d8a\u754c\u4e86\u3002\u8cf4\u7279\u62d2\u7d55\u76f8\u4fe1\u300e\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4e0d\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u4e0a\u6cd5\u5b98\u5178\u578b\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u6839\u64da\u9019\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8c48\u4e0d\u662f\u9808\u8981\u62d2\u7d55\u4fdd\u7f85\u6559\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u8d16\u7f6a\u662f\u4ee3\u53d7\u5211\u7f70\uff1f\u54ea\u88e1\u6703\u6709\u6cd5\u5b98\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u9001\u53bb\u70ba\u88ab\u544a\u9818\u6b7b\uff1f\u8cf4\u7279\u6ce8\u91cd\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u904e\u65bc\u6ce8\u91cd\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u3002\u600e\u9ebd\u8aaa\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>Yes, the law court is certainly in view when one considers his doctrine of justification, but Wright\u2019s argumentation proves too much.\u00a0 Wright objects to imputation on the grounds that such conduct is uncharacteristic of the judge in the law court.\u00a0 On these grounds we would also have to deny that Paul teaches that the atonement is penal-substitutionary in nature, because what judge ever sends his own son to die in the place of the defendant?\u00a0 Wright gives his model of the law court greater weight than the actual statements of Scripture.\u00a0 How so?<\/p>\n<p>\u54ea\u88e1\u6703\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\u6216\u4e0d\u662f\u7336\u592a\u4eba\u7684\uff0c\u6cd5\u5b98\u300e\u81ea\u5df1\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e5f\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u7a31\u90a3\u4e9b\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4eba\u70ba\u7fa9\uff08\u7f853:26\uff09\uff1f\u4e0d\u932f\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u9019\u500b\u5be9\u5224\u53f0\u8207\u5b87\u5b99\u4efb\u4f55\u4e00\u500b\u6cd5\u5ead\u90fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff1a\u5728\u9019\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u8056\u7236\u5dee\u7942\u7684\u611b\u5b50\u70ba\u90a3\u4e9b\u53d7\u516c\u7fa9\u5be9\u5224\u800c\u88ab\u5b9a\u7f6a\u7684\u4eba\u53d7\u6b7b\u3002\u8cf4\u7279\u7aed\u529b\u8981\u53cd\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u300e\u6b78\u7b97\u300f\u89c0\u5ff5\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4ed6\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u9019\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4e3b\u984c\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u8207\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u8aa4\u89e3\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u610f\u7fa9\u3002\u4e0d\u4f46\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u539f\u672c\uff08archetype\uff09\u8207\u526f\u672c\uff08ectypal\uff09\u5012\u904e\u4f86\u8655\u7406\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u795e\u5b78\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u932f\u8aa4\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In what law court, Jewish or not, is the judge both \u201cjust and justifier\u201d as it concerns sinners who place their faith in Christ (Rom 3.26)? Yes, justification is a law court concept, but the tribunal is unlike any other law court in the cosmos \u2013 it is the place where the Father sends his Son to die in the place of the one who rightly stands condemned. In all of Wright\u2019s efforts to deny imputation in Paul, he seems to miss these important themes, namely the discontinuities between the earthly and heavenly law courts, and so misunderstands the heart of Paul\u2019s gospel. Moreover, he commits a fundamental theological error in reversing the roles of archetypal and ectypal theology.<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u6ce8\u8173190\uff1a\u9019\u662f\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u795e\u5b78\u539f\u5247\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Footnote 190: For the history of this long-standing theological principle in Reformed theology see Richard A. Muller, <em>Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics<\/em>, vol. 1, <em>Prolegomena to Theology<\/em> (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003), 225-37; William J. Van Asselt, \u201cThe Fundamental Meaning of Theology: Archetypal and Ectypal Theology in Seventeenth-Century Reformed Thought,\u201d <em>Westminster Theological Journal <\/em>64\/2 (2002), 319-36.\u00a0 Calvin, though not in form, uses this concept, see <em>Institutes<\/em> 1.10.2; see also Michael S. Horton, <em>Lord and Servant: A Covenant Christology<\/em> (Louisville: Westminster John Knox), 16-18.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u6709\u5730\u4e0a\u7684\u6cd5\u5ead\uff0c\u90fd\u662f\u5929\u4e0a\u771f\u6cd5\u5ead\u7684\u526f\u672c\u3002\u526f\u672c\u662f\u6284\u672c\uff0c\u662f\u985e\u6bd4(analogy)\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u80fd\u6307\u5c0e\u6211\u5011\u77e5\u9053\u539f\u672c\u7684\u6a23\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u526f\u672c\u662f\u53cd\u6620\u539f\u672c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>All earthly courts are analogous to the one true heavenly court.\u00a0 The ectype, the copy or analogy, does not inform the archetype, or pattern, but reflects it.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>ESCHATOLOGY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u90a3\u9ebd\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u8981\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u61c9\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u300e\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u8207\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>What about the last category, namely eschatology and justification?<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u6b63\u78ba\u5730\u5805\u7a31\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7a31\u4eba\u70ba\u7fa9\uff0c\u662f\u5be6\u73fe\u4e86\u7942\u5c0d\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u548c\u7942\u7d04\u6c11\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4ed6\u5011\u9577\u4e45\u7b49\u5f85\u7684\u3002\u8cf4\u6c0f\u7684\u932f\u8aa4\u4e43\u5728\uff1a\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u8207\u300e\u8ab0\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u5c6c\u65bc\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7d04\u6c11\u300f\u9019\u6982\u5ff5\u9023\u63a5\u8d77\u4f86\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright has correctly argued that justification is eschatological, in that it is the fulfillment of the long awaited covenant promises to Abraham and the covenant people of God.\u00a0 Where Wright goes astray, however, is in tying justification to the eschatological definition of who belongs to the covenant people of God. (Wright, \u201cJustification,\u201d 359.)<\/p>\n<p>\u53ef\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6709\u95dc\u300e\u8ab0\u5c6c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u300f\u9019\u500b\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e0a\u7684\u554f\u984c\uff1b\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u50c5\u662f\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Eschatology, however, is not simply about defining who belongs to the people of God, or the church, ecclesiology.<\/p>\n<p>\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u57fa\u7763\u8d16\u7f6a\u5927\u5de5\u7684\u65bd\u884c\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6559\u6703\u3002<\/p>\n<p>There is no church apart from the application of Christ\u2019s saving work.<\/p>\n<p>\u6216\u8aaa\uff0c\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u672b\u5f8c\u4e9e\u7576\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Or, there is no ecclesiology apart from the work of the last, or eschatological, Adam.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u5f9e\uff08\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\uff09\u5169\u500b\u4e9e\u7576\u6240\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u300e\u6551\u8d16\u6b77\u53f2\u7684\u5169\u500b\u4e16\u4ee3\u67b6\u69cb\u300f(the two-age structure of redemptive history) \u6e05\u695a\u770b\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This is evident, for example, in the two-age structure of redemptive history characterized by the two Adams.<\/p>\n<p>\u7576\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u7d93\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u9019\u6a23\u8a18\u7740\u8aaa\uff1a\u9996\u5148\u7684\u4eba\u4e9e\u7576\u6210\u4e86\u6709\u9748\u7684\u6d3b\u4eba\uff1b\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u6210\u4e86\u53eb\u6069\u6d3b\u7684\u9748\u300f\uff08\u6797\u524d15:45\uff09\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u8b1b\u5230\u9019\u4e00\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul dwells upon this point when he writes, \u201cThus it is written, \u2018The first man Adam became a living being\u2019; the last Adam became a life-giving Spirit\u201d (1 Cor 15:45). (Modified ESV.)<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u5fd7\u6052 (1862-1949) \u8ad6\u5230\u9019\u7bc0\u7d93\u6587\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Concerning this verse Geerhardus Vos (1862-1949) observes:<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u904e\uff0c\u6700\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u572845\u7bc0\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u88ab\u7a31\u70ba\u300e\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u300f\uff0c\u90a3\u88e1\u7684\u300e\u672b\u5f8c\u300f\u5b8c\u5168\u8981\u5f9e\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\uff1b\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u4f4d\u300e\u672b\u5f8c\u7684\u4e9e\u7576\u300f\u662f\u5fa9\u6d3b\u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\uff0822-23\u7bc0\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u53eb\u4eba\u6d3b\u7684\u9748\u300f\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u51fa\u65bc\u5929\u300f\uff0c\u662f\u300e\u5c6c\u5929\u7684\u300f\uff0847-49\u7bc0\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6307\u6700\u5f8c\u5929\u4e0a\u7684\u5883\u6cc1\u548c\u5c6c\u5929\u7684\u689d\u4ef6\uff08\u5982\u4fe1\u5f92\u5728\u5fa9\u6d3b\u5f8c\u6240\u7a7f\u4e0a\u7684\uff08\u8eab\u9ad4\u7684\uff09\u7368\u7279\u5f62\u8c61\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Most significant of all, however, is the designation of Christ as the \u2018eschatos Adam\u2019 vs 45, where \u2018last\u2019 is entirely steeped in eschatological meaning, for this \u2018last Adam\u2019 is the fountain-head of the resurrection, vss. 22, 23, a \u2018quickening Spirit,\u2019 \u2018of heaven\u2019 and \u2018heavenly,\u2019 vss. 47-49, all this referring to the final celestial state and the conditions pertaining thereto, such as the peculiar kind of (bodily) image to be borne by believers after their resurrection.<\/p>\n<p>(Geerhardus Vos, <em>The Pauline Eschatology<\/em> (1930; Phillispburg: P&amp;R, 1994), 10.)<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u4e43\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u4ee3 (the eschatological age) \u7684\u6cc9\u6e90\u8207\u5143\u9996\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Christ, therefore, is the fountain head of the eschatological age.<\/p>\n<p>\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u8207\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u9023\u63a5\u9ede\uff0c\u4e43\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6e05\u695a\u5448\u73fe\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4eba\u985e\u4e00\u5207\u6551\u8d16\u6027\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\u90fd\u4f86\u81ea\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u806f\u5408\uff0c\u9019\u5305\u62ec\u300e\u6d3b\u5728\u65b0\u5275\u9020\u7684\u4e16\u4ee3\u88e1\u300f\u7684\u7d93\u9a57\uff08existence in the new creation age\uff09\uff1b\u800c\u9019\u4e16\u4ee3\u662f\u7531\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6240\u5c55\u958b\u3002\u6700\u660e\u986f\u7684\u4e00\u8655\u5c31\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:25\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u300e\u88ab\u4ea4\u7d66\u4eba\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u7684\u904e\u72af\uff1b\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u53eb\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002\u300f\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6d41\u51fa\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u672b\u4e16\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u57fa\u7763\u4e43\u662f\u90a3\u5049\u5927\u7684\u5fa9\u6d3b\u8c50\u6536\u7684\u521d\u719f\u7684\u679c\u5b50\uff08\u6797\u524d15:20-28\uff1b\u53c2\u4f4612:1-2\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Where the connection between eschatology and justification clearly emerges is with the resurrection of Christ, in that all soteric experience derives from solidarity in Christ\u2019s resurrection and involves existence in the new creation age, inaugurated by his resurrection.<\/p>\n<p>This is no more evident than when Paul writes that Christ \u201cwas delivered up for our trespasses and raised for our justification\u201d (Rom. 4:25).\u00a0 The believer\u2019s justification flows form Christ\u2019s resurrection, which is an eschatological event, as Christ is the firstfruits of the great resurrection harvest (1 Cor. 15:20-28; cf. Dan. 12:1-2). (Vos, <em>Pauline Eschatology<\/em>, 151.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u5c0d\u65bc\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b4:25\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u4ecd\u8981\u7528\u4ed6\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9 &#8212; \u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u300f\u5f3a\u89e3\u7d93\u6587\u3002\u8cf4\u6c0f\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u5fe0\u8aa0\u7684\u8036\u7a4c\u82e5\u85c9\u7740\u5fa9\u6d3b\u88ab\u986f\u660e\u662f\u5f4c\u8cfd\u4e9e\uff0c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e5f\u539f\u5247\u4e0a\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u6240\u6709\u5c6c\u65bc\u8036\u7a4c\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6240\u6709\u4ee5\u4fe1\u5fc3\u56de\u61c9\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u88e1\u986f\u660e\u7684\u4fe1\u5be6\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4ed6\u5011\u5c31\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5411\u4e9e\u4f2f\u62c9\u7f55\u6240\u61c9\u8a31\uff0c\u90a3\u771f\u6b63\u76df\u7d04\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u6210\u54e1\u3002\u300f\uff08\u8cf4\u6c0f\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u6ce8\u91cb\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Concerning Rom. 4:25, though, Wright still tries to force his justification-ecclesiology connection upon the text. Wright states, \u201cIf faithful Jesus is demonstrated to be Messiah by the resurrection, the resurrection also declares in principle that all those who belong to Jesus, all those who respond in faith to God\u2019s faithfulness revealed in him, are themselves part of the true covenant family promised to Abraham.\u201d (Wright, <em>Romans<\/em>, 504.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u4e0d\u50cf\u8cf4\u7279\u90a3\u6a23\u4f5c\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9 &#8212; \u6559\u6703\u8ad6\u300f\u7684\u9023\u63a5\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u76f4\u63a5\u5730\u4f5c\u4e86\u300e\u5fa9\u6d3b &#8212; \u6551\u8d16\u8ad6\u300f\u7684\u9023\u63a5\uff1a\u300e\u57fa\u7763\u82e5\u6c92\u6709\u5fa9\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f60\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4fbf\u662f\u5f92\u7136\uff0c\u4f60\u5011\u4ecd\u5728\u7f6a\u88e1\u300f\uff08\u6797\u524d15:17\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Yet, Paul does not make the same connection as Wright.\u00a0 Paul explicitly makes the resurrection-soteriology connection: \u201cIf Christ has not been raised, your faith is futile and you are still in your sins\u201d (1 Cor. 15:17).<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6309\u7167\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u601d\u8def\uff0c\u57fa\u7763\u82e5\u4ecd\u662f\u6b7b\u7684\uff0c\u6492\u4f46\u548c\u7f6a\u5c31\u5f97\u52dd\u4e86\uff0c\u6216\u66f4\u5ee3\u7fa9\u7684\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u300e\u820a\u7684\u4e16\u4ee3\u300f\uff08the old aeon\uff09\u7684\u6b0a\u52e2\u4ecd\u6c92\u6709\u7c89\u788e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Therefore, to Paul\u2019s way of thinking, as long as Christ remains dead, Satan and sin are triumphant, or, more broadly, the dominion of the old aeon remains unbroken.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u9019\u9ede\u6c92\u932f\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u4e0d\u60f3\u8cf4\u7279\u90a3\u6a23\u60f3\u3002\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u5b9a\u7fa9\u6c34\u662f\u5c6c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\uff1b\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e43\u662f\u672b\u4e16\u6642\u4ee3\u7684\u4ecb\u5165\uff08the in-breaking of the eschatological age\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4f86\u4e16\u6b0a\u80fd\u7684\u6f86\u704c\uff08the out-pouring of the power of the age to come\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u8056\u9748\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u6f86\u704c\uff0c\u9019\u90fd\u5728\u57fa\u7763\u5fa9\u6d3b\u6642\u5f70\u986f\u4e86\uff0c\u5e36\u4f86\u5411\u7f6a\u548c\u6b7b\u7684\u52dd\u5229\uff0c\u4fdd\u8b49\u4e86\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u7a31\u4ee5\u3002\u57fa\u7763\u5df2\u7d93\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e86\uff1b\u56e0\u6b64\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u4e0d\u6d3b\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u7684\u7f6a\u4e2d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u8056\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5df2\u7d93\u63a5\u7d0d\u4e86\u7942\u611b\u5b50\u4ee3\u8868\u7942\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u6240\u737b\u4e0a\u7684\u796d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>So, yes, justification is eschatological, but not in the way that Wright explains. It is not an eschatological definition of the people of God but the in-breaking of the eschatological age, the out-pouring of the power of the age to come, the Holy Spirit, manifest in the resurrection of Christ, bringing about the victory over sin and death, ensuring the justification of the people of God.\u00a0 Christ has been raised and therefore his people are no longer in their sin because God the Father has accepted the sacrifice of his Son on their behalf.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u73fe\u4eca\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>PRESENT AND FUTURE JUSTIFICATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u662f\u6211\u5011\u8981\u63a2\u7d22\u7684\u6700\u5f8c\u4e00\u500b\u8ab2\u984c\uff1a\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u548c\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002\u6211\u5011\u5728\u4e0a\u6587\u5df2\u770b\u5230\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u89c0\u5176\u4e2d\u4e00\u500b\u7279\u9ede\u5c31\u662f\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u5206\u70ba\u300e\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u300f\u548c\u300e\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u300f\u5169\u500b\u7bc4\u7587\u3002\u6211\u5011\u518d\u4f86\u770b\u8cf4\u6c0f\u5728\u70ba\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b8:3-4\u4f5c\u6ce8\u91cb\u6642\u600e\u9ebd\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u9019\u88e1\u8aaa\u5230\u7684\u662f\u672a\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u57282:1-16\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u90a3\u65e5\u5b50\u3002\u9019\u5ba3\u5224\u8207\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\u662f\u76f8\u914d\u7684\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4e0d\u662f\u7531\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\u6240\u8cfa\u7684\uff08\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\u6c92\u6709\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\u8cfa\u5f97\u4ec0\u9ebd\u529f\u52de\uff09\uff1b\u672a\u4f86\u5ba3\u5224\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u73fe\u5728\u63d0\u5230\u7684\uff0c\u8056\u9748\u6240\u5f15\u5c0e\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>There is the last issue that we must explore, namely the question of present and future justification.\u00a0 As we saw above, one of the features of Wright\u2019s understanding of justification is that he divides it into present and future categories.\u00a0 Once again, commenting on Rom. 8:3-4, Wright argues: \u201cWhat is spoken of here is the future verdict, that of the last day, the \u2018day\u2019 Paul described in 2:1-16.\u00a0 That verdict will correspond to the present one, and will follow from (though not, in that sense, be earned or merited by), the Spirit-led life of which Paul now speaks.\u201d (Wright, <em>Romans<\/em>, 580.)<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u5728\u53e6\u4e00\u8655\u5beb\u9053\uff1a\u300e\u56e0\u4fe1\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6574\u500b\u610f\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\uff1a\u5b83\u662f\u73fe\u5728\u5c31\u767c\u751f\u7684\u4e8b\uff08\u7f853:26\uff09\uff0c\u9019\u53c8\u662f\u5c0d\u5c07\u4f86\uff0c\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u5fc5\u8981\u5ba3\u544a\u7684\u5224\u6c7a\u7684\u671f\u5f85\uff1b\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5ba3\u5224\uff0c\u662f\u6839\u64da\u73fe\u5728\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>Elsewhere he writes: \u00a0\u201cThe whole point about \u2018justification by faith\u2019 is that it is something which happens <em>in the present time<\/em> (Rom. 3:26) as a proper anticipation of the eventual judgment which will be announced, on the basis of the whole life led, in the future (Rom. 2:1-16).\u201d (Wright, <em>Fresh Perspective<\/em>, 57.)<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u8cf4\u7279\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e43\u662f\uff08\u4e0a\u5e1d\uff09\u56e0\u70ba\u4fe1\u5f92\u9806\u5fa9\u57fa\u7763\u70ba\u4e3b\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u800c\u4ed6\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u6240\u4f5c\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u6839\u64da\u8056\u9748\u5f15\u5c0e\u4fe1\u5f92\u6240\u6d3b\u51fa\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright believes, then, that present justification is a declaration in view of one\u2019s obedience submission to Jesus as Lord, whereas his future justification is the declaration on the final day which is based upon the Spirit-led life of the believer.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\u8cf4\u7279\u6240\u5805\u6301\u7684\u662f\uff1a\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u4eca\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\u662f\u5c0d\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\uff1b\u800c\u6211\u5011\u672a\u4f86\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u5247\u662f\u8056\u9748\u4f7f\u4fe1\u5f92\u6240\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\uff08\u597d\uff09\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u82e5\u6709\u4eba\u61f7\u7591\u9019\u662f\u5426\u8cf4\u7279\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u8a71\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u8b49\u660e\u3002\u8cf4\u6c0f\u8ad6\u5230\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u6700\u5f8c\u5be9\u5224\u662f\u7684\u76fc\u671b\u7684\u6839\u64da\u662f\uff0c\u9019\u6a23\u5ba3\u7a31\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Wright argues, therefore, that the ground of one\u2019s present justification is faith in Christ whereas the ground of one\u2019s future justification is the believer\u2019s Spirit-produced works.\u00a0 If anyone is in doubt that this is Wright\u2019s view his own words clearly demonstrate it.\u00a0 Writing on Paul\u2019s ground of hope at the final judgment, Wright states:<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u5c55\u671b\u672a\u4f86\u6642\u8a62\u554f\uff08\u6211\u5011\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u540c\u6a23\u5730\u554f\uff09\uff1a\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u6703\u8aaa\u4ec0\u9ebd\uff1f\u7942\u5728\u90a3\u65e5\u62ff\u8d77\u7684\u51a0\u5195\uff0c\u7942\u7684\u559c\u6a02\u4e0d\u662f\u8036\u7a4c\u6368\u547d\u7684\u529f\u52de\uff0c\u4e43\u662f\u7942\u6240\u7a2e\u690d\u7684\u6559\u6703\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u90a3\u4e9b\u5805\u6301\u70ba\u798f\u97f3\u76e1\u5fe0\u7684\u4fe1\u5f92\u5011\u3002\u5f9e\u8d77\u521d\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5230\u672b\u5f8c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u4e4b\u8def\uff08\u800c\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u9808\u8a18\u5f97\uff0c\u5fa9\u6d3b\u5305\u6db5\u62ef\u6551\uff0c\u5f9e\u6b7b\u4e2d\u88ab\u6551\uff09\u4e43\u662f\u8056\u9748\u6240\u5f15\u5c0e\u7684\uff0c\u8056\u6f54\uff0c\u5fe0\u8aa0\uff0c\u53d7\u82e6\u7684\u670d\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This is why, when Paul looks ahead to the future and asks, as well one might, what god [sic] will say on the last day, he holds up as his joy and crown, not the merits and death of Jesus, but the churches he has planted who remain faithful to the gospel.\u00a0 The path from initial faith to final resurrection (and resurrection we must remind ourselves, constitutes rescue, that is salvation, from death itself) lies through holy and faithful Spirit-led service, including suffering.<\/p>\n<p>(Wright, <em>Fresh Perspective<\/em>, 148).<\/p>\n<p>\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u8207\u6606\u862d\u7fa4\u9ad4\u5c0d\u300a\u54c8\u5df4\u8c37\u66f8\u300b2:4\u7684\u89e3\u91cb\u6bd4\u8f03\u9760\u8fd1\uff0c\u96e2\u4fdd\u7f85\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u6bd4\u8f03\u9060\uff08\u53c2\u8003\uff1a1QpHab 8:1-3\uff1b\u7f851:17, 3:28\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Wright\u2019s view seems to have more in common with the Qumran community on Hab 2:4 than Paul (cf. 1 QpHab 8:1-3; Rom 1:17; 3:28).<\/p>\n<p>\u5c0d\u65bc\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u8207\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u9127\u96c5\u5404\u4e5f\u6301\u985e\u4f3c\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Dunn holds to a similar view regarding present and future justification.<\/p>\n<p>(Dunn, <em>Romans 1-8<\/em>, 104-05; idem, <em>Theology of Paul<\/em>, 467, 488.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC<\/strong><strong>\u7684\u56de\u61c9\uff1a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>OPC\u2019S RESPONSE:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u5169\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002\u8b6c\u5982\uff1a\u4fdd\u7f85\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u73fe\u5728\u6211\u5011\u2026\u9760\u7740\u7942\u7684\u8840\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff08\u7f855:9\u4e0a\uff09\u3002\u4fdd\u7f85\u7528\u4e86<strong>dikaiwqentej<\/strong>\u9019\u5b57\u7684aorist \u7684\u5206\u8a5e\u548c\u300e\u73fe\u5728\u300f\u526f\u8a5e\uff0c\u5c31\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u4e00\u4ef6\u5df2\u7d93\u6210\u5c31\u7684\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The Scriptures do not speak of two justifications.\u00a0 For example, Paul writes that \u201cwe have now been justified by his blood\u201d (Rom 5:9a). Paul\u2019s use of an aorist participle dikaiwqentej and the adverb <strong>nun<\/strong> indicate that justification is an accomplished reality.<\/p>\n<p>(Thomas Schreiner, <em>Romans<\/em>, BECNT (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998), 262-63.)<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u904e\uff0c\u4ee5\u5f8c\u9084\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Nowhere does Paul state that there is a second justification to follow.<\/p>\n<p>\u6c92\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u660e\u986f\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b5:10\u63a5\u7740\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u4ec7\u6575\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u4e14\u85c9\u7740\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5152\u5b50\u7684\u6b7b\uff0c\u5f97\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d\uff1b\u65e2\u5df2\u548c\u597d\uff0c\u5c31\u66f4\u8981\u56e0\u7942\u7684\u751f\u5f97\u6551\u4e86\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The absence of a second justification is evident when Paul goes on to state that, \u201cFor if while we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, now that we are reconciled, shall we be saved by his life\u201d (Rom. 5:10).<\/p>\n<p>Douglas Moo \u6307\u51fa\u7b2c9-10\u7bc0\u7684\u5e73\u8861\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>Douglas Moo points out the parallel between vv. 9 and 10:<\/p>\n<table width=\"559\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"275\"><strong>v. 9<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"284\"><strong>v. 10<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"275\">\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u85c9\u7942\u7684\u8840\u7a31\u7fa9<\/p>\n<p>We have now been justified by his blood<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u56e0\u70ba\u6211\u5011\u4f5c\u4ec7\u6575\u7684\u6642\u5019\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5152\u5b50\u7684\u6b7b\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d<\/p>\n<p>If while we were enemies we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"275\">\uff08\u66f4\u52a0\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Much more<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\uff08\u66f4\u52a0\uff09\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u5728\u65e2\u7136\u8207\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u597d<\/p>\n<p>how much More, now that we are reconciled,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"275\">\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u56e0\u7942\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5fff\u6012\u5f97\u62ef\u6551\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Shall we be saved by him from the wrath of God<\/td>\n<td width=\"284\">\u6211\u5011\u5fc5\u56e0\u7942\u7684\u751f\u5f97\u6551\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Shall we be saved by his life<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u9019\u5169\u7bc0\u7684\u5e73\u8861\u6e05\u695a\u986f\u51fa\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u73fe\u4eca\u7684\u4e8b\u5be6\uff0c\u662f\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5411\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u7f6a\u4eba\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\u3002\u300e\u73fe\u5728\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\u7279\u522b\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u90a3\u4e9b\u7f6a\u5f97\u8d66\u514d\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u4eca\u751f\u6301\u7e8c\u4eab\u6709\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\uff08just\uff09\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u8a71\u8aaa\u56de\u4f86\uff0c\u4fdd\u7f85\u5728\u7b2c9-10\u7bc0\u7684\u78ba\u63d0\u5230\u672a\u4f86\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u4e0d\u7528\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aaa\u300e\u66f4\u8981\u2026\u5f97\u6551\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This parallel reveals that justification is a present reality pronounced over the sinner who believes in Christ.\u00a0 The \u201cnow\u201d adds the fine distinction of the continuing \u201cjust\u201d status of those who are acquitted.\u00a0 Now in vv. 9-10 there is a future element of which Paul speaks, but he does not use the term \u201cjustified\u201d but rather the phrase, \u201cshall we be saved.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f85\u7528\u4e86\u672a\u4f86\u88ab\u52d5\u5f0f\u7684\u52d5\u8a5e\uff0c<strong>swsqhsomeqa<\/strong>\uff08\u5c07\u88ab\u6551\uff09\uff0c\u986f\u660e\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6551\u8d16\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u6551\u6069\uff0c\u662f\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u5c64\u9762\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u8aaa\uff0c\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u672a\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Paul\u2019s use of the future passive verb, <strong>swsqhsomeqa<\/strong>, reveals that there is a future aspect of our redemption, or our salvation, not that there is a future or second justification.<\/p>\n<p>(Moo, <em>Romans<\/em>, 310-11.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6b63\u5982Joseph Fitzmeyer\u6307\u51fa\uff1a\u300e\u6709\u4e00\u500b\u5fc5\u7a31\u7fa9\u66f4\u5927\u7684\u6069\u5bf5\uff0c\u8981\u5728\u5c07\u5fc5\u5230\u4f86\u7684\uff0c\u672b\u4e16\uff08\u672b\u65e5\uff09\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u5411\u57fa\u7763\u5f92\u986f\u660e\u3002\u300f\u4ed6\u63a5\u7740\u8aaa\uff1a\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u5728\u6551\u8d16\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u800c\u6551\u8d16\u662f\u5df2\u7d93\u958b\u59cb\u7684\u5de5\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f46\u8981\u9032\u5165\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff08consummated\uff09\uff0c\u6216\u8aaa\uff0c\u5c07\u6703\u6709\u6700\u5b8c\u6eff\u7684\u8868\u73fe\uff0810:9, 13; 11:14, 16\uff09\uff1b\u4f46\u662f\u90a3\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u662f\u4fdd\u8b49\u5fc5\u4f86\u81e8\u7684\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>As Joseph Fitzmeyer observes, \u201cA favor still greater than justification itself will be manifested to the Christian in the eschatological salvation that is to come.\u201d\u00a0 He goes on to state that, \u201cJustification is subordinated to salvation, and the latter is regarded as something begun but still to be consummated or brought to its full expression (10:9, 13; 11:14, 16); yet that consummation is guaranteed.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Joseph A. Fitzmeyer, <em>Romans<\/em>, AB (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 400.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u5f9e\u300a\u7f85\u99ac\u66f8\u300b5:9-10\u6e05\u695a\u770b\u9593\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u5b83\u4e43\u662f\u6839\u64da\u57fa\u7763\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u3002\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u6559\u6703\u90fd\u898b\u8b49\u9019\u300e\u4e00\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\uff0c\u53ef\u5f9e\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u4fe1\u689d\u770b\u51fa\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u300a\u6bd4\u5229\u6642\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c23\u884c\uff1b\u300a\u6d77\u5fb7\u5821\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c27, 278, 56, 59, 61\u554f\uff1b\u300a\u745e\u58eb\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c15\u7ae0\uff1b\u300a\u591a\u7279\u4fe1\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c2\u7ae0\uff0c\u7b2c3\u689d\uff0c\u7b2c4\u9805\u5426\u8a8d\uff1b\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u7b2c11\u7ae0\uff1b\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5c0f\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u7b2c33\u554f\uff1b\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5927\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u7b2c69-71\u554f\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>Clearly we see from Rom. 5:9-10 that there is one justification and it is grounded upon the work of Christ.\u00a0 That there is one justification has been upheld by the historic Reformed witness, which is manifest in the creeds of the Reformed church.<\/p>\n<p>(See, e.g., the Belgic Confession, chapter 23; Heidelberg Catechism 1, 37, 38, 56, 59, 61; Second Helvetic Confession chapter 15;\u00a0 Canons of Dort, chapter 2, art. 3; rej. 4; WCF 11; WSC 33; WLC 69-71.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u6559\u6703\u7684\u4fe1\u689d\u6c92\u6709\u8aaa\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8aaa\u5728\u672b\u65e5\u7684\u5be9\u5224\uff0c\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6703\u516c\u958b\u627f\u8a8d\u6211\u5011\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u554f\uff1a\u5728\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u7fa9\u4eba\u6703\u627f\u53d7\u4ec0\u9ebc\uff1f<\/p>\n<p>\u7b54\uff1a\u5728\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u7fa9\u4eba\u6703\uff0c<\/p>\n<p>\uff081\uff09\u88ab\u63d0\u5230\u96f2\u4e2d\uff08\u5e16\u524d4:17\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff082\uff09\u5230\u57fa\u7763\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u5750\u5728\u7942\u7684\u53f3\u908a\uff0c\u7576\u773e\u88ab\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u5ba3\u544a\u7121\u7f6a<br \/>\n\uff08\u592a25:33\uff1b10:32\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff083\uff09\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u4e00\u540c\u5be9\u5224\u88ab\u68c4\u7684\u5929\u4f7f\u548c\u4e16\u4eba\uff08\u6797\u524d6:2\uff0d3\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff084\uff09\u88ab\u63a5\u5165\u5929\u5802\uff08\u592a25:34, 46\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff085\uff09\u5b8c\u5168\u3001\u6c38\u9060\u5730\u812b\u96e2\u6240\u6709\u7684\u7f6a\u548c\u75db\u82e6\uff08\u5f175:27\uff1b\u555f14:13\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff086\uff09\u88ab\u7121\u6cd5\u60f3\u50cf\u7684\u559c\u6a02\u5145\u6eff\uff08\u8a6916:11\uff09\uff1b<\/p>\n<p>\uff087\uff09\u5728\u8eab\u9ad4\u548c\u9748\u9b42\u4e0a\u90fd\u9054\u65bc\u5b8c\u5168\u7684\u8056\u6f54\u548c\u5e78\u798f\uff0c\u8207\u7121\u6578\u7684\u8056\u5f92\u548c\u8056\u5929\u4f7f\u5728\u4e00\u8d77<br \/>\n\uff08\u4f8612:22, 23\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\uff088\uff09\u7279\u5225\u662f\u76f4\u63a5\u5f97\u898b\u7236\u4e0a\u5e1d\u3001\u4e3b\u8036\u7a4c\u57fa\u7763\u548c\u8056\u9748\uff0c\u5f97\u6b64\u70ba\u6a02\uff0c\u76f4\u5230\u6c38\u9060\uff08\u7d04\u58f93:2\uff1b\u6797\u524d13:12\uff1b\u5e16\u524d4:17\uff0d18\uff09\u3002\u9019\u5c31\u662f\u7121\u5f62\u6559\u6703\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u5728\u5fa9\u6d3b\u548c\u5be9\u5224\u4e4b\u65e5\uff0c\u5728\u69ae\u8000\u88e1\u8207\u57fa\u7763\u6240\u4eab\u6709\u7684\u5b8c\u7f8e \u7684\u4ea4\u901a\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>\uff08\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5927\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\uff0c\u7b2c90\u554f\uff1b\u53c2\u8003\uff1a\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5c0f\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u7b2c38\u554f\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Our doctrinal standards do not speak of a second justification but rather in terms of an open acknowledgement and acquittal on the day of judgment: \u201cWhat shall be done to the righteous at the day of judgment? \u00a0A. At the day of judgment, the righteous, being caught up to Christ in the clouds, shall be set on his right hand, and there openly acknowledged and <em>acquitted<\/em>\u201d (WLC 90; emphasis; cf. WSC 38).<\/p>\n<p>John Flavel\u70ba\u300a\u5a01\u654f\u65af\u7279\u5c0f\u8981\u7406\u554f\u7b54\u300b\u4f5c\u4e86\u6ce8\u91cb\uff08\u5f9e\u7565\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Note how John Flavel (c. 1630-91) explains WSC 38 and how justification relates to the final judgment: \u201cHow does Christ\u2019s acquittance now, differ from that at judgment?\u00a0 A.\u00a0 They differ in respect to publicness; this is secret in the believer\u2019s bosom, and that open before men and angels.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(John Flavel, <em>An Exposition of the Assembly\u2019s Shorter Catechism,<\/em> in<em> The Works of John Flavel<\/em>, 6 vols. (1820; Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1997), 6.214.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u6559\u6703\u627f\u8a8d\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u6703\u5305\u62ec\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5728\u5fa9\u6d3b\u548c\u6700\u5f8c\u5be9\u5224\u6642\u7684\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u516c\u958b\u627f\u8a8d\u6211\u5011\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u8207\u6211\u5011\u73fe\u4eca\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u96b1\u85cf\u5be6\u662f\u6709\u522b\uff1b\u9019\u6a23\u8aaa\u662f\u516c\u5141\u7684\u3002\u4f46\u662f\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u6559\u6703\u4e26\u4e0d\u627f\u8a8d\u6709\u5169\u6b21\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>So, it is fair to say that the Reformed church has recognized that our future salvation will include the declaration at the resurrection and final judgment that openly confirms our justification, in distinct from its secret reality in the present.\u00a0\u00a0 But the Reformed church does not affirm that there are two separate justifications.<\/p>\n<p>(See John Owen, <em>The Doctrine of Justification by Faith,<\/em> in <em>Works<\/em>, vol. 5, ed. William Goold (1850-53; Edinburgh: Banner of Truth, 1998), 159-60.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6b77\u4ee3\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u4e5f\u5426\u8a8d\u6709\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u56e0\u70ba\u662f\u9055\u80cc\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u9055\u80cc\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\uff1a\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u6703\u6559\u5c0e\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u500b\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u57fa\u7763\uff0c\u5728\u6d17\u79ae\u6642\u5c31\u9760\u6d17\u79ae\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\uff08conferred in baptism <em>ex opere operato<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u500b\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u6839\u64da\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u6210\u8056\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The Roman church has historically rejected notions of a second justification not only because the idea is unscriptural but in contrast to the Roman Catholic doctrine of justification: Rome teaches that the first justification is by faith in Christ and is conferred in baptism <em>ex opere operato,<\/em> the second justification is based upon the believer\u2019s sanctification.<\/p>\n<p>(<em>Catechism of the Catholic Church<\/em> (Liguori: Liguori Publications, 1994), 482, section 1192.)<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u7a2e\u6559\u5c0e\u5f9e\u5929\u7279\u6703\u8b70\u7684\u6c7a\u5b9a\u53cd\u6620\u51fa\u4f86\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u300e\u4ed6\u5011\u65e2\u7136\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\u2026 \uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u9075\u5b88\u4e0a\u5e1d\u548c\u6559\u6703\u7684\u8aa1\u547d\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8207\u597d\u884c\u70ba\u4e00\u540c\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u4ed6\u5011\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u9818\u53d7\u7684\u7fa9\u4e0a\u589e\u9577\uff0c\u5c31\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u66f4\u52a0\u7684\u88ab\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e86\u300f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>This teaching is reflected in the decrees of the Council of Trent:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cHaving, therefore, been thus justified \u2026 they, through the observance of the commandments of God and of the Church, faith co-operating with good works, increase in that justice which they have received through the grace of Christ, and are still further justified.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Council of Trent, Session 6, chap. 10, in Philip Schaff, <em>The Creeds of Christendom<\/em>, vol. 2 (1931; Grand Rapids: Baker, 1990), 99.)<\/p>\n<p>\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u5c31\u662f\u5ba3\u544a\uff0c\u4e00\u500b\u4eba\u5177\u9ad4\u662f\u7fa9\u4eba\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u7684\u4fe1\u5fc3\u8207\u597d\u884c\u70ba\u4e00\u540c\u5408\u4f5c\u3002\u5f9e\u9019\u500b\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u6e05\u695a\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u6559\u6703\u70ba\u4ec0\u9ebd\u6297\u62d2\u9019\u500b\u300e\u5169\u6b21\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In other words, the second justification is the declaration that a person is actually righteous, based upon one\u2019s faith cooperating with good works. Against this backdrop we can see why the Reformed church has rejected the idea of two justifications.<\/p>\n<p>\u57fa\u65bc\u4ee5\u4e0a\u7684\u8003\u616e\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u662f\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff08\u5373\uff1aNPP\u5c0d\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff09\u662f\u8207\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\u8ad6\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u522b\u65bc\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7fa4\u9ad4\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5176\u5be6\uff0c\u8aaa\u5230\u672a\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u6bd4\u8f03\u50cf\u7f85\u99ac\u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u591a\u65bc\u50cf\u6b77\u4ee3\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4ed6\u8a8d\u70ba\u672a\u4f86\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u662f\u4fe1\u5f92\u56e0\u70ba\u8056\u9748\u800c\u505a\u51fa\u7684\u597d\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>In view of these considerations, we may conclude that Wright\u2019s NPP understanding of future justification is antithetical to Scripture and at odds with the historic witness of the Reformed community.\u00a0 In fact, regarding future justification, Wright\u2019s view has more in common with the Roman Catholic view than it does with the historic Reformed view because his view of future justification is <em>based upon the Spirit-produced works of the believer. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u5c0f\u7d50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>SUMMARY<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u770b\u51fa\uff0c\u8cf4\u7279\u8aaa\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u76df\u7d04\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u548c\u8207\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u9019\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002\u96d6\u7136\u4f7f\u7528\u9019\u4e9b\u7bc4\u7587\uff08\u6982\u5ff5\uff09\u5916\u8868\u770b\u4f86\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5f9e\u5185\u5bb9\u770b\u4f86\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u932f\u7684\u3002\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u76df\u7d04\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e16\u7d00\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4f86\u770b\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5f9e\u61c9\u9a57\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u798f\u97f3\u7684\u61c9\u8a31\uff08\u52753:15\uff09\u548c\u6210\u5168\u4e86\u884c\u70ba\u4e4b\u7d04\uff08\u5c31\u662f\u4e9e\u7576\u6240\u9055\u80cc\u7684\u7d04\uff09\u7684\u610f\u7fa9\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>We have seen that Wright is correct to say that justification is covenantal, forensic, and eschatological.\u00a0 Though he is formally correct with the use of these categories, he is materially incorrect.\u00a0 Justification is covenantal, not in the sense of first century Judaism but in terms of the fulfillment of the first gospel promise (Gen 3:15) and the broken covenant of works.<\/p>\n<p>\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u6cd5\u5f8b\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5be9\u5224\u662f\u5f9e\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5bf6\u5ea7\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5f9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Justification is forensic but judgment is oriented toward the throne of God, not the world.<\/p>\n<p>\u9084\u6709\uff0c\u7a31\u7fa9\u662f\u8207\u672b\u4e16\u8ad6\u6709\u95dc\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u7a31\u7fa9\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u505a\u4e86\u672b\u4e16\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56e0\u70ba\u672b\u4e16\uff08the eschaton\uff09\u5df2\u7d93\u4ecb\u5165\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0a\u5e1d\u7684\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u6551\u8d16\u5df2\u7d93\u4f86\u5230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>And justification is eschatological, not as the ecclesiological definition of the people of God, but rather as the in-breaking of the eschaton with the salvation of God\u2019s people.<\/p>\n<p>\u6700\u5f8c\uff0c\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u5f9e\u4f86\u6c92\u6709\u63d0\u5230\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u662f\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\u7a31\u7fa9\uff0c\u6216\u8aaa\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\u662f\u4fe1\u5f92\u56e0\u70ba\u8056\u9748\u800c\u4f5c\u51fa\u7684\u597d\u884c\u70ba\u3002\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u552f\u7368\u662f\u57fa\u7763\u5df2\u7d93\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>Lastly, the Scriptures neither speak of a second justification in the future nor place the ground of justification in the believer\u2019s Spirit-produced works but in the finished work of Christ alone.<\/p>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>VII. \u7d50\u8ad6\uff1a\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u5f8c\u7684\u89c0\u5bdf<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u548c\u9ea5\u845b\u592b\u7684\u4e00\u6a23\uff1b\u300e\u6851\u5f97\u65af\u548c\u8cf4\u7279\u82e5\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\u5c31\u641e\u932f\u4e86\u3002\u300f<\/p>\n<p>In our critique of the NPP, on should come to the same conclusion that Alister McGrath has reached:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf Sanders or Wright is correct, Martin Luther is wrong.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>(Alister McGrath, \u201cReality, Symbol and History: Theological Reflections on N.T. Wright\u2019s Portrayl of Jesus,\u201d in <em>Jesus and the Restoration of Israel: A Critical Assessment of N.T. Wright\u2019s Jesus and the Victory of God<\/em>, ed. Carey C. Newman. Downers Grove, Illinois: Inter Varsity, 1999. 169.)<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u9019\u4efd\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u7e31\u89bd\u6e05\u695a\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9ea5\u845b\u592b\u7684\u8a71\u662f\u6b63\u78ba\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>The truth of McGrath\u2019s statement has been demonstrated in this survey.<\/p>\n<p>\u6211\u5011\u96d6\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u6b23\u8cde\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5c64\u9762\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u8981\u7d20\u8207\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u6240\u6559\u5c0e\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\uff08\u771f\u7406\uff09\u4e0d\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>While one may appreciate aspects of the NPP, there are certain elements that are incompatible with the system of doctrine contained in the Scriptures.<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u7684\uff0c\u6211\u5011\u53ef\u4ee5\u8aaa\uff0c\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u7684\u91cb\u7d93\u5bb6\u6709\u6642\u6703\u9760\u4e00\u7a2e\u5c0d\u4fdd\u7f85\u6642\u671f\u7336\u592a\u6559\u7684\u626d\u66f2\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u6c92\u6709\u8b39\u614e\u5206\u6790\u4e00\u624b\u8cc7\u6599\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u6b23\u8cde\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>One might argue, for example, that Reformed interpreters have sometimes relied upon a caricature of the Judaism of Paul\u2019s day, rather than a careful analysis of primary sources, and in this respect appreciate the NPP.<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u82e5\u8aaa\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u4f5c\u70ba\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff1b\u82e5\u8aaa\u4fdd\u7f85\u6240\u99c1\u65a5\u7684\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u5c31\u662f\u6c11\u65cf\u6216\u570b\u7c4d\u7684\u6a19\u8a8c\uff08\u9019\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u6851\u5f97\u65af\uff0c\u9127\u96c5\u5404\uff0c\u548c\u8cf4\u7279\u591a\u591a\u5c11\u5c11\u5805\u6301\u7684\uff09\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u5c31\u662f\u5c07\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7f6e\u65bc\u8207\u50b3\u7d71\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\u53bb\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>To say, however, that righteousness is covenant membership, and that the works of the law Paul opposes for justification are ethnic or national markers, conclusions that Sanders, Dunn, and Wright hold in one form or another, has the effect of locating the doctrine of justification within an entirely different matrix from that in which it has been traditionally understood.<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u9ea5\u845b\u592b\u8aaa\u7684\u5c0d\uff1a\u6851\u5fb7\u65af\u6216\u8cf4\u7279\u82e5\u662f\u5c0d\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u9ebd\u99ac\u4e01\u8def\u5fb7\uff0c\u52a0\u723e\u6587\uff0c\u548c\u6b77\u53f2\u4e0a\u6539\u9769\u5b97\u5c0d\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6559\u7fa9\u300f\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5c31\u662f\u932f\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<p>McGrath is therefore accurate:<\/p>\n<p>If Sanders or Wright is correct, then, Luther, Calvin, and the historic Reformed understanding of the doctrine of justification is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p>\u9019\u500b\u6982\u62ec\u6027\u7684\u7d50\u8ad6\u7684\u610f\u601d\u662f\uff1a\u4e0b\u5217\u4e03\u9ede\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\uff0c\u548c\u4e0d\u7b26\u5408\u6211\u5011\u7684\u4fe1\u4ef0\u6e96\u5247\uff08\u300a\u5a01\u654f<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u7279\u4fe1\u4ef0\u544a\u767d\u300b\u548c\u5927\uff0c\u5c0f\u8981\u88e1\u554f\u7b54\uff09\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>This general conclusion means that the following points are out of accord with Scripture and our doctrinal standards:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4f5c\u7d04\u7684\u6210\u54e1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9053\u5fb7\u4e0a\u7684\u6b63\u76f4\u6216\u7b26\u5408\u4e00\u500b\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u6a19\u6e96\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u201cRighteousness\u201d defined as covenant membership rather than moral equity, or adherence to a moral standard.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\u300e\u5f8b\u6cd5\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u300f\u662f\u6307\u4ee5\u8272\u5217\u8eab\u70ba\u4e0a\u5e1d\u5b50\u6c11\u7684\u570b\u7c4d\u6a19\u8a8c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u201cWorks of the law\u201d for justification understood as boundary markers identifying Israel as God\u2019s covenant people.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u610f\u601d\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u300e\u88ab\u4f38\u51a4\u300f\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Justification only as vindication.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\u6709\u5169\u7a2e\u7a31\u7fa9\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7a2e\u7684\uff08\u5c07\u4f86\u7684\uff09\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u8207\u4eba\uff08\u73fe\u4eca\uff09\u85c9\u7740\u4fe1\u5fc3\u7a31\u7fa9\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>A second or future justification that has a different ground from one\u2019s justification by faith.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li>\u628a\u7a31\u7fa9\u7684\u6839\u64da\u5f9e\u57fa\u7763\u5b8c\u6210\u7684\u5927\u5de5\u8cfa\u79fb\u5230\u8056\u9748\u6240\u4f5c\u6210\u7684\uff0c\u4fe1\u5f92\u7684\u884c\u70ba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Shifting the ground of justification from the finished work of Christ to the Spirit-produced works of the believer.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li>\u5426\u8a8d\u4e0a\u5e1d\u628a\u57fa\u7763\u4e3b\u52d5\u7684\u9806\u670d\u548c\u88ab\u52d5\u7684\u9806\u670d\u8cfa\u4f86\u7684\u300e\u7fa9\u300f\u6b78\u7b97\u7d66\u4fe1\u7942\u7684\u4eba\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Denial of the imputation of the active and \/ or passive obedience of Christ.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"7\">\n<li>\n<pre>\u904e\u5206\uff0c\u4e0d\u6b63\u7576\u5730\u5c0a\u91cd\uff08\u8a34\u8af8\uff09\u7b2c\u4e8c\u8056\u6bbf\u6642\u671f\u7684\u7336\u592a\u6559\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u59a5\u5354\u4e86\u300a\u8056\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u8b49\u5be6\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91cb\u6027\u3002<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<pre>Compromising the self-authenticating and self-interpreting nature of the Scriptures, by giving the literature of Second Temple Judaism undue interpretive weight.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u300e\u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u300f\u7684\u6aa2\u8a0e\uff1a\u6458\u8981 NEW PERSPECTIVE ON PAUL (NPP): AN EVALUATION (Highlights) \u6458\u81ea\uff1a\u5728\u7f8e\u570b\u6b63\u7d71\u9577\u8001\u6703 (OPC, www.opc.org) \u7b2c73\u6b21\u7e3d\u6703\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u300e\u7a31\u7fa9\u300f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u3002\u7b2c\u4e09\u6bb5\uff0c\u980134-55\u3002 \u7ffb\u8bd1: \u6797\u6148\u4fe1\u7267\u5e08 Source: Report on Justification presented to the Seventy-Third General Assembly of the\u00a0 Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Section III: \u201cThe New Perspective on Paul,\u201d pp. 34-55.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (www.opc.org.) &nbsp; I. \u4fdd\u7f85\u65b0\u89c0\u7684\u767c\u5c55 The Development of NPP. \u53f2\u5766\u5ea6 Krister Stendahl. \u8def\u5fb7\u628a\u4e2d\u4e16\u7d00\u300e\u529f\u52de\u300f\u7684\u554f\u984c\u8b80\u9032\u4e86\u4fdd\u7f85\u66f8\u4fe1 \u2026\u3002 Luther read the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1563","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1563","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1563"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1563\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1573,"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1563\/revisions\/1573"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mandarin.cdpc.my\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1563"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}